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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin!
大家好！欢迎来到大脑洞开的生命奇想！
Alcohol is a major contributor to traffic accidents involving pedestrians.
酒精是造成行人交通事故的主要原因。
In the United States, nearly half of the crashes where a pedestrian was killed involved alcohol impairment of either the driver or pedestrian,
在美国，有近一半的交通事故造成行人死亡是因为司机或行人酒精损伤，
contributing to the over 270,000 pedestrians around the world that are killed in traffic accidents each year.
它每年在全球致使超过27万的行人死于交通事故。
One way to reduce deaths is by making the streets safer.
减少死亡的一个方法是使街道更安全。
To do this, city engineers need to know the speed at which an impact from a vehicle could become fatal.
为了做到这一点，城市工程师需要知道车辆撞击致死的速度。
Then, they can establish safe speed limits.
然后，他们可以建立安全的速度限制。
There's clearly a big difference between getting hit by a car rolling forward at 5 mph and getting hit by a bus on the highway.
很明显，被以每小时5英里的速度向前行驶的汽车撞到和在高速公路上被公共汽车撞到是有很大区别的。
That's because the weight and speed of the vehicle determines how much energy is transferred to the pedestrian.
这是因为车辆的重量和速度决定了有多少能量传递给行人。
So let's dive into this whole-getting-hit-at-different-speeds a bit more, and don't forget to wear your seatbelt.
让我们再深入探讨一下这个被不同速度撞击的问题，别忘了系好安全带。
Huh? Where have I heard that before? Using data from past accidents, researchers have worked to identify safe speeds.
我以前在哪里听说过？研究人员利用以往事故的数据来确定安全车速。
In a 2011 report by the American Automobile Association's Foundation for Public Safely,
在美国汽车协会公共安全基金会2011年的一份报告中，
They found that a car only needs to be going 31 mph for a pedestrian
他们发现，对于行人来说，汽车只需以每小时31英里的速度行驶就会
to have a 50 percent chance of sustaining a severe injury and 46 mph for a 90 percent chance.
有50%的机会承受重伤，46英里每小时的速度则有90%的机会承受重伤。
For a hit to be fatal, vehicles only need to be traveling slightly faster.
对于致命的撞击，车辆只需要稍微快一点。
At 42 mph, there is a 50 percent chance of a pedestrian being killed by the impact and a 90 percent chance at 58 mph.
时速42英里时，行人被撞击致死的几率为50%，时速58英里时致死几率为90%。
The pedestrian's age also plays a big factor in the seriousness of their injuries.
行人的年龄对他们受伤的严重程度也有很大影响。
For example, a 70-year-old hit by a car traveling at 25 mph has a similar chance of injury as a 30-year-old hit at 35 mph.
例如，70岁的人被时速25英里的汽车撞伤的几率与30岁的人被时速35英里的汽车撞伤的几率相似。
What body parts are struck and injured has to do with the mechanics of the impact.
身体的哪些部位受到撞击和伤害与撞击的机制有关。
The collision can be broken into three phases, all of which are a chance for injury.
碰撞可以分为三个阶段，所有阶段都是有机会受伤。
They are the initial strike of the vehicle, the trajectory off of the vehicle, and landing on the ground.
这三个阶段分别是是车辆的初始打击，撞击后的轨迹，降落在地面上的方式。
First, the pedestrian's legs are hit by the bumper and rapidly accelerate while their torso remains relatively still.
首先，行人的双腿被保险杠撞击，在他们躯干相对静止的情况下快速加速。
This is why these impacts most often injure the lower extremities, often causing the pelvis, knee or fibula to break.
这就是为什么这些撞击最常伤害下肢，经常导致骨盆、膝盖或腓骨骨折。
As the vehicle keeps moving forward, their body wraps around the bumper and hood until their head hits the vehicle.
随着车辆不断前进，他们的身体会缠绕着保险杠和引擎盖，直到他们的头撞到车辆。
Which is where one of the most severe and second most common injuries occurs.
这就是最严重和第二常见的伤害发生的地方。
Finally, depending on what the driver does, the pedestrian could be projected in front of the vehicle if the driver breaks,
最后，根据司机的行为，如果司机刹车，行人可以被抛射到汽车前面，
be vaulted over the roof if they don't, or be vaulted over the side if the driver turns.
如果司机没有刹车，行人就会从车顶越过去；如果司机转弯，行人就会从侧面越过去。
If the vehicle is tall and the bumper is higher than the pedestrian's center of gravity, they could be knocked down and run over.
如果汽车高的话，保险杠高于行人的重心，他们可能会被撞倒和碾压。
Over the years, changes in vehicle design made by car manufacturers have led to less injuries to pedestrians.
多年来，汽车制造商对车辆设计的改变减少了对行人的伤害。
One study performed in France found that cars produced in the 90s caused less lesions and fractures compared to cars made in the 70s.
在法国进行的一项研究发现，与70年代生产的汽车相比，90年代生产的汽车造成的损伤和骨折更少。
They attributed this to the newer car's profile and windshield design that reduced the severity of the impact.
他们认为这是由于新车型的外形和挡风玻璃设计减轻了撞击的严重程度。
Going forward, as we design cars of the future,
展望未来，当我们设计未来的汽车时，
we can hope manufacturers continue to keep public safety in mind and help to decrease the number of pedestrian fatalities.
我们可以希望制造商继续把公共安全放在心上，帮助减少行人死亡的数量。
So my question to you is, have you ever been in a car accident?
我的问题是，你经历过车祸吗？
If you're comfortable with sharing your story, let me know in the comment section below!
如果你愿意分享你的故事，请在下面的评论区告诉我！
If you wanna know more about what happens to your body inside of a car during a car crash, you should probably check out this video!
如果你想知道更多人的身体在车祸中会发生什么，你可能应该看看这个视频！
People often slam into the steering wheel or front panel and experience chest and lower limb injuries, like broken ribs, or crushed legs.
人们经常会猛撞到方向盘或前面板，胸部和下肢受伤，如肋骨骨折或腿部骨折。
As always my name is Blocko, this has been Life Noggin, don't forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想，思考不要停！
