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May 17 marked the 70th anniversary of one of the most notable cases in U.S. Supreme Court history – Brown versus Board of Education.
5月17日是美国最高法院历史上最著名的案件之一——布朗诉教育委员会案70周年纪念日。
The 1954 decision declared segregated schools unconstitutional.
1954年的裁决宣布实行种族隔离的学校是违宪的。
It also struck down the principle of "separate but equal," which was used as the basis for U.S. government policies related to racial segregation.
它还推翻了“隔离但平等”的原则，该原则曾被用作美国政府与种族隔离相关政策的基础。
President Dwight Eisenhower famously sent federal troops to southern states to enforce the decision.
德怀特-艾森豪威尔总统曾派遣联邦军队前往南部各州执行这一决定，并因此而名声大噪。
Today, American schools cannot legally restrict students based on race.
今天，美国学校不能基于种族对学生进行合法限制。
But because of long-held economic divides and other issues, some schools have become segregated in a de facto way.
但由于长期存在的经济分歧和其他问题，一些学校实际上已经变得隔离。
Some researchers say that despite the continuing ban, school segregation has gotten worse over the years, even as the U.S. overall has become more racially diverse.
一些研究人员表示，尽管禁令仍在继续，但多年来学校的种族隔离现象却越来越严重，即使美国的整体种族也变得更加多元化。
A team from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) recently released a report examining the ways segregation has changed in U.S. schools.
加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）的一个团队最近发布了一份报告，研究了美国学校种族隔离的变化方式。
The report is called "The Unfinished Battle for Integration in a Multiracial America – from Brown to Now."
该报告被称为“在多种族美国中未完成的融合之战——从布朗案到现在”。
It was written by two UCLA professors – Gary Orfield and Ryan Pfleger.
它是由两位加州大学洛杉矶分校的教授撰写的，分别是加里·奥菲尔德和瑞安·普弗莱格。
The study found that schools have gotten less white, and more Latino, Asian and multiracial.
该研究发现，学校的白人学生减少了，拉丁裔、亚裔和多种族学生增加了。
But it also noted the number of schools considered "intensely segregated" tripled from 1988 to 2021.
但它也指出，从1988年到2021年，被认为是“高度隔离”的学校数量增加了两倍。
The study defined intensely segregated as schools with white student populations of less than 10 percent.
该研究将高度隔离定义为白人学生比例低于10%的学校。
About 20 percent of American schools are intensely segregated, up from 7 percent in 1988, the report found.
报告发现，大约20%的美国学校高度隔离，高于1988年的7%。
The study's writers state that "schools of the South are dramatically less segregated than the apartheid conditions that had always existed before Brown."
研究报告的作者指出，"与布朗案之前一直存在的种族隔离状况相比，南方学校的种族隔离程度大大降低"。
However, Orfield and Pfleger add that the Supreme Court decision's historic aims "have not been attained and, as this report shows, we have been moving backward."
然而，奥菲尔德和普法伊费尔补充说，最高法院裁决的历史性目标“尚未实现，正如本报告所显示的，我们一直在倒退。”
The researchers found that Black and Latino students were the most highly segregated populations.
研究人员发现，黑人和拉丁裔学生是隔离程度最高的人群。
In 2021, schools overall were 45 percent mostly white.
2021年，学校总体上有45%的学生主要是白人。
But on average, Black students attended schools that were about 76 percent non-white.
但平均而言，黑人学生就读的学校大约有76%的非白人学生。
For Latino students, the school average was about 75 percent non-white.
对于拉丁裔学生来说，学校的平均非白人比例约为75%。
Education experts say segregation especially hurts Black and Latino schools.
教育专家说，种族隔离对黑人和拉丁裔学校的伤害尤为严重。
This is because they are often underfunded and have higher rates of teacher shortages.
这是因为它们经常资金不足，并且教师短缺率更高。
Non-white school districts receive $23 billion less funding than mostly white school districts, a 2019 report by the nonprofit group EdBuild found.
非营利组织EdBuild2019年的一份报告发现，非白人学区获得的资金比主要是白人的学区少230亿美元。
"The trends are toward increasing double segregation, by both race or ethnicity and poverty," the UCLA study said.
加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究称：“这种趋势是朝着种族或族裔以及贫困的双重隔离加剧的方向发展。”
Researchers at another California university, Stanford, found that schools are getting more segregated even as neighborhoods have gotten more diverse and racial economic inequality has improved.
另一所加州大学斯坦福大学的研究人员发现，尽管社区变得更加多样化，种族经济不平等状况有所改善，但学校却变得更加隔离。
The "findings indicate that policy choices – not demographic changes – are driving the increase," said Sean Reardon.
肖恩·里尔登表示：“研究结果表明，是政策选择而非人口结构变化推动了这一增长。”
He is a professor at Stanford who specializes in how poverty and inequality affects education.
肖恩是斯坦福大学的教授，专门研究贫困和不平等如何影响教育。
The UCLA study noted that desegregation policies following the Brown decision were generally aimed at improving access to schools for Black students.
加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究指出，布朗案判决后的废除种族隔离政策通常旨在改善黑人学生进入学校的机会。
But 70 years later, the issue of school segregation has gotten more complex.
但70年后，学校种族隔离问题变得更加复杂。
Latinos now make up the largest U.S. minority group and the Asian population has also grown.
拉美裔现在构成了美国最大的少数族裔群体，亚裔人口也有所增长。
"Most Americans of all racial groups think integrated schools are better, but are divided about what, if anything, to actually do," the UCLA study states.
加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究表明：“大多数不同种族的美国人都认为综合学校更好，但对于实际该做什么（如果有的话）存在分歧。”
The researchers offered several suggestions for improving integration.
研究人员提出了一些改进的建议。
One is for districts to increase efforts to register students from poorer areas and offer more diverse school programs.
一是各地区要加大力度，为贫困地区的学生进行登记，并提供更多样化的学校课程。
A 2018 article by the nonprofit group Edutopia described how some school districts have been successful in improving integration.
非营利组织 Edutopia 2018 年发表的一篇文章介绍了一些学区如何成功地改善融合。
In Cambridge, Massachusetts, for example, every school must have a balance of wealthier and poorer families.
例如，在马萨诸塞州的剑桥市，每所学校必须达到更富有和更贫穷家庭的平衡。
In San Antonio, Texas, bilingual schools and other specialized programs have brought in students from many different backgrounds.
在得克萨斯州的圣安东尼奥，双语学校和其他专业项目吸引了来自许多不同背景的学生。
And in New York City, schools have made progress by removing standardized testing requirements.
并且在纽约市，学校通过取消标准化测试要求取得了进步。
Others introduced admittance systems that take into account whether a student is poor, homeless or a non-native English speaker.
还有一些学校引入了考虑学生是否贫困、无家可归或母语不是英语的录取制度。
"American schools have been moving away from the goal of Brown and creating more ‘inherently unequal' schools for a third of a century," writers of the UCLA study wrote.
"加州大学洛杉矶分校研究报告的作者写道："三分之一个世纪以来，美国学校一直在偏离布朗案的目标，创建更多'本质上不平等'的学校。
"It will soon become understood once more that ... schools that serve all children together with equity are central to any good outcomes."
"人们很快就会再次认识到......公平地为所有儿童服务的学校是取得任何良好成果的核心"。
I'm Dan Novak.
我是丹·诺瓦克。
