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Hi. Welcome again to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam.
欢迎来到英格威英语学习网。我是亚当。
Today's lesson comes from a few requests from the www.engvid.com comments section.
今天的课程是应评论区的一些人的请求而制作的。
Some people wanted to know about natural disasters.
有些人想了解有关自然灾害的词汇。
So what I have here is a bit of a combination of climate vocabulary and natural events.
这里有一些描述气候和自然事件的词汇。
I don't call them "disasters" because, realistically, they're only disasters to humans; to nature, they are just events. Okay?
我不会称之为“灾害”，因为实际上，它们只对人类来说是灾害，对自然来说，它们只是事件。
Before we begin, I want to make sure we understand the difference between "climate" and "weather".
在开始之前，我想确保大家知道“climate”和“weather”的区别。
"Weather" is the occurrence of nature every day.
“天气”是每天出现的事情。
Today is sunny, tomorrow is raining, today is a little bit chilly, tomorrow is going to be nice and warm.
今天是晴天，明天是雨天。今天有一点寒冷，明天会很好很暖和。
Every day's situation is the weather. "Climate" is the pattern over usually we talk about a year.
每天的状况就是天气。气候通常是我们谈论的一年中的模式。
So if a country or a place has four seasons: spring, summer, fall, winter -
所以如果一个国家或一个地方有四季的话：春、夏、秋、冬，
each season has its own climate; rainy, hot, humid, whatever the case may be.
每个季节都有自己的气候；多雨，炎热，潮湿，无论情况如何。
So we're going to look at climate and natural events that usually go together.
所以我们来看看通常是相互关联的气候和自然事件。
Now, this last year or the past 2 or 3 years have seen some very crazy weather-or sorry-climate events.
过去的一年或过去的两三年出现了很多疯狂的天气或着是气候事件。
So I'm going to give you some words to be able to discuss these amongst yourselves.
所以我要教大家一些单词以便你们能够讨论这些。
First, we're going to start with: "flood" and "drought". Okay? The "h", the "gh" not pronounced.
首先，我们从洪水和干旱开始。“h”、“gh”是不发音的。
"Drought", "flood", like going up. So "flood" is when there's too much water.
干旱，洪水，就像在上升。洪水指的就是，某个地方有太多水。
Very heavy rain, sometimes it's because snow melts too quickly in hills or mountains.
非常大的雨，有时是因为山上的雪融化太快。
All the water comes into a low place or a flat place, the earth doesn't absorb it quickly enough or the sewage can't take all of it, the pipes, etcetera
所有的水都流向了洼地或者平地，地球吸收它的速度不够快，或者污水不能完全吸收它，管道等等，
so all the water rises up above the ground, goes into your houses, into the subway stations, everywhere.
所以所有的水升到了地面之上，流到了你家，流到了地铁站，到处都是。
That's a flood, a flood. "Drought" is the complete opposite.
这就是洪水。干旱是完全相反的情况。
A "drought" is what happens when a region or a place doesn't get water, doesn't get any rain for a very long period of time.
“干旱”是指一个地区或一个地方在很长一段时间内都没有水，没有雨水的情况。
Everything dries out, all the crops, all the wheat, and rice, and everything dies. Sometimes this leads to a famine. Okay?
所有的庄稼，所有的小麦，大米，所有的东西都枯死了。有时这会导致饥荒。好吧？
A "famine" is when there's a lot of people starving. Okay?
”饥荒”是指很多人在挨饿。好吧？
So this is a natural disaster because human beings and animals are starving because everything died in the drought, there's nothing to eat.
这是一场自然灾害，因为人类和动物都在挨饿，因为所有的东西都死于干旱，没有东西吃。
Okay, next we have: "earthquake". "Quake" basically means shake. An "earthquake" is when the earth shakes. Okay?
接下来是：地震。“quake”的意思就是晃动。地震就是地球在晃动。
Now, what often happens is when there's an earthquake in the sea or near the sea, there's often a "tsunami".
经常发生的事情是，当海里或海边发生地震时，通常会出现海啸。
Now, this is actually a Japanese word. Actually, it's two Japanese words,
实际上这是一个日语词汇。实际上是两个日语词汇，
but they are used so commonly that we just take them as an English word now.
但是它们使用地太频繁了，我们现在就把它当做一个英语词汇。
"Tsunami" means harbour wave. Not so important for you guys right now,
海啸指的是港口波浪。现在对大家来说不是很重要，
but it's basically a big wave or a big series of waves that after the earthquake,
但是它基本上是地震后的一个大波浪或一系列大波浪，
all the water in the seas or the oceans starts moving around, sometimes it moves on to the land and just destroys everything.
海洋中所有的水开始流动，有时会流向陆地，破坏一切。
I think everybody probably remembers the tsunami from 2006 or so in Indonesia,
我想大家可能都记得2006年左右印尼发生的海啸，
in that area, very destructive, in Japan a couple of years ago - huge tsunamis.
在那个地区，破坏力非常大，几年前在日本发生了巨大的海啸。
Next, this is what we're experiencing lately with climate change, global warming, whatever you want to call it: "heat waves" and "cold fronts".
接下来是，随着气候变化和全球变暖，我们近来经历的事情，随便你怎么称它都行：“热浪”和“冷锋”。
Now, if you watch the news, the weather channel, for example, sometimes you'll see something like this, you'll see lines with semicircles moving.
如果你看新闻的话，比如说气象频道，有时你会看到这样的东西，你会看到带半圆的移动的线。
Other times, you'll see red lines with triangles moving.
其他时候，你会看到带三角移动的线。
The blue lines, these are cold fronts, means a very cold mass of air, the cold amount of air is moving.
蓝色的线，这些是冷锋，意味着非常冷的空气团，冷空气正在移动。
The red one, same thing but heat, a lot of heat. Heat waves are very dangerous because they come very suddenly, it gets very, very hot.
红色的也一样，但是它代表热量，很大的热量。热浪非常危险，因为它来得非常突然，天气会变得非常热。
A lot of people suffer from it, a lot of people die from it.
很多人因此而受难，很多人因此而死亡。
Same with a cold front, suddenly the temperature really, really drops, minus 20, minus 30, minus 40.
冷锋也是一样，突然间温度真的下降了，零下20度，零下30度，零下40度。
And again, very, very dangerous; you don't want to be outside when that happens.
这非常危险，当温度骤降时，你不会想待在外面的。
Next, we'll talk a little bit about snow. Now, the Inuit, that's the natives of Canada in the far north,
接下来我们来聊聊雪。因纽特人，他们是加拿大最北部的原住民，
they have I think maybe 50 different words for "snow".
他们大概有50个不同的词来表示“雪”。
I'm only going to give you a couple other than "snow". A "blizzard" is a very heavy snowstorm. Okay?
除了“snow”外我再给大家讲几个雪的表达。“blizzard”是非常大的暴风雪。
Lots of, lots, and lots, and lots, and lots of snow. Very white.
很多很多的雪，非常白。
If you live in a hot country, you don't know what this is,
如果你生活在一个炎热的国家，你不知道这是什么，
but it's actually very beautiful but very dangerous, not fun to drive in, not fun to walk in.
实际上它很漂亮，但是也很危险，在里面开车不好玩，在里面走路也不好玩。
Just fun... Nice to look at, that's it. A "squall" is like a blizzard except that it's very sudden, very short, and very intense.
只是看着很好玩。“狂飑”就像暴风雪，只是它非常突然、短暂、强烈。
So sometimes a squall will come in. You have like sunshine, pretty day. It's cold, but, you know, it's winter, but sunny.
有时候狂飑会出现。这是晴朗，优美的一天。天气寒冷，因为是冬天，但是天气晴朗。
Then suddenly, you can't see anything, everything is white. Just snow, snow, snow, like you can't see past two feet in front of you.
然后突然间，你什么也看不到，白茫茫一片。看到的只有雪，你看不到你前面两英尺以外的东西。
And then, 10 minutes later, half an hour later, it's gone and it's sunny again. We call this a "snow squall". Okay.
然后，10分钟后，半个小时后，暴雪就停止了，天气再度变晴。我们把它叫做雪飑。
I know all of you know this word: "storm", but do you know the different types of storms that you can experience?
我知道你们都知道这个词：“风暴”，但是你知道你可以经历的不同类型的风暴吗？
You can have an "icestorm". An "icestorm" is when it seems to be raining, except that it's not rain drops, it's little, little tiny ice particles.
你可能会经历冰暴。这种天气似乎是在下雨，但是掉落的不是雨滴，而是微小的冰晶。
They fall on a tree and become ice. They fall everywhere and become ice.
它们掉到了树上就变成了冰。掉到各处都变成了冰。
So in Toronto, that's where we are today, in Toronto this winter, we had an icestorm. Overnight, all the ice fell.
所以在多伦多，现在就是这种情况。今年冬天，多伦多发生了一次冰暴。一夜之间，下了很多冰。
In the morning, trees started falling down. Why?
早上，树木开始倒下。为什么？
Because all the branches were covered in ice and became so heavy that it-boom-crashed on top of cars, on top of people, on top of everything.
因为所有的树枝都被冰覆盖，变得很重，它砰的一声就落在了汽车上，人上，所有的东西上。
Power was out for a long time. Not much fun. In desert places, like in the Sahara Desert,
停电了很长一段时间。不好玩。在沙漠地区，比如撒哈拉沙漠，
you have a "sandstorm" where suddenly a big wind carries all this sand, and you can't see anything, and it gets in your eyes, and not much fun.
你会遇到一场“沙暴”，突然一股大风把所有的沙子都吹走了，你什么也看不见，沙子进入了你的眼睛，不好玩。
"Thunderstorm", lots of thunder. "Lightningstorm", lots of lightning.
“雷暴”，有很多雷鸣。"闪电风暴"，有很多闪电。
"Hail", "hail" are little pieces of ice about this big, and they drop, and they hit you on the head and they're a little painful.
“冰雹”，“冰雹”是这么大的小冰块，它们掉下来，砸在你的头上，会有点疼。
"Rainstorm", "duststorm", all kinds of storms. Always one word.
“暴雨”，“沙尘暴”，各种各样的暴风雨。总是一个词汇。
"Icestorm", one word. "Sandstorm", one word. Not two separate words.
“冰暴”是一个词。“沙暴”也是一个词。不是两个分开的词。
Now, students often ask me: "What is the difference between a hurricane, a typhoon, and a cyclone?"
学生们经常问我：“飓风、台风和旋风的区别是什么？”
Sometimes tornado and monsoon. "Hurricane", "typhoon", and "cyclone", same idea,
有时是龙卷风和季风。“飓风”，“台风”和“旋风”的概念是一样的，
it's a big circling storm that comes over land and destroys everything.
这是一场巨大的盘旋风暴，它会掠过陆地，摧毁一切。
A "hurricane" happens in the Atlantic Ocean and sometimes in the Northeast Pacific.
飓风出现在大西洋，有时也出现在东北太平洋。
Mostly it's in the Atlantic and that's why it hits the States and Mexico all the time.
大部分是在大西洋，这就是为什么它总是袭击美国和墨西哥。
"Typhoon" is in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, hits Japan, Philippines, all those countries there.
“台风”出现在西北太平洋，袭击日本，菲律宾，所有这些国家。
A "cyclone" happens in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, hitting India and countries in that area.
“旋风”发生在南太平洋和印度洋，袭击印度和该地区的国家。
A "tornado", a "tornado" is like a tiny little hurricane except it's very localized, very small area, happens on land.
“龙卷风”，“龙卷风”就像是一个很小的飓风，只是它出现在很小的范围，非常小的区域，发生在陆地上。
These all happen... These all begin in the ocean.
这些都是从海洋开始的。
This happens on land like a little wind spins really, really fast and just destroys everything on its way.
这种情况发生在陆地上，就像小风旋转得非常非常快，会摧毁沿途的一切。
Mostly it happens in the U.S. in the middle of the United States.
它主要发生在美国中部。
And a "monsoon", a "monsoon" is like a very, very heavy wind and rainstorm.
还有“季风”，季风是非常强烈的大风和暴雨。
Usually hits India and Southeast Asia, those areas there.
它通常会袭击印度和东南亚这些地方。
Then, sometimes... These are natural events, they're not necessarily connected to climate, but the climate does help.
然后，有时候...还有一些自然灾害，它们未必和气候有关，但是气候会促使它们发生。
A "mudslide", sometimes you see like there's too much rain or too much deforestation, too many trees have been cut down from a mountain.
“泥石流”。有时你会看到，比如太多的雨水或太多的森林砍伐，太多的树木被从山上砍下来。
These trees, the roots of these trees hold the earth together.
这些树，这些树的根将土壤维系在一起。
Not enough trees or too much water and half the mountain-vloop-just slides off the mountain.
没有足够的树或太多的水，半座山就会从山上滑落下来。
It's mud, you know mud like sand and water becomes mud just slides off and buries everything underneath it.
那是泥，沙子和水混合成了泥，然后滑下来，把所有东西埋在下面。
An "avalanche" is like a mudslide except that it's snow. In the mountains, you have lots of snow, lots of snow.
“雪崩”就像泥石流，只是掉下来的是雪。在山里，有很多雪，很多雪。
Then eventually gets too thick and heavy, and just starts falling down and burying everything underneath it.
最终雪会变得太厚太重，开始下落并把所有东西都埋在下面。
And then you have a "volcanic eruption". A "volcano" is like a... Sort of like a little mountain,
还有火山喷发。火山就像，有点像是一个小山，
but very hot inside with magma or lava is another way to say it.
但是内部有岩浆，非常热。岩浆另一种说法是lava。
Then just-poof-blows. In Iceland a few years ago, a volcano exploded, all the ash covered the air-woop,
然后它会喷发。几年前在冰岛，一座火山爆发了，所有的火山灰覆盖了空气，
sorry-all the ash and you couldn't see anything, and flights couldn't take off from Northern Europe.
到处都是灰，你看不到任何东西，北欧的航班无法起飞。
Very bad situation. So this is what happens. This is the Earth we live on, we deal with it,
非常糟糕的情况。这就是发生的事情。这就是我们生活的地球，我们应对发生的事。
but we also like to talk about it now and again, and now, hopefully, you have some vocabulary to use in that discussion.
但我们也喜欢不时地讨论它，现在，希望你们有一些词汇可以在讨论中使用。
Of course, you can test yourself at www.engvid.com, there's a quiz, come by and try it out. And we'll see you again soon.
当然，你可以在英格威网站上做测试，那里有一个小测验，来试试吧。我们很快就会再见。
