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Hi. Welcome back to www.engvid.com.
欢迎来到英格威英语学习网。
I'm Adam, and today's lesson: "Commonly Confused Words" is very important for those of you trying to learn vocabulary,
我是亚当，今天的课程：“容易混淆的词汇”，它对学习词汇的你们很重要，
but especially for those of you who need to write better.
特别是对需要提升写作的人们很重要。
It's very important to write the correct word that you mean, and sometimes,
写作时使用正确的词汇是很重要的，有时候，
the only difference between words is one letter, and this one letter makes a huge difference.
有时单词间唯一的区别就是一个字母，这个字母有很大的影响。
Okay? So we're going to look at six sets of commonly confused words.
我们今天来学习六组常见的容易混淆的词汇。
Now, we're going to start with "affect" and "effect", and the difference being the "a" or the "e".
首先来看“affect”和“effect”。不同的地方就是“a”和“e”。
Now, this is one of those pair of words that all teaches in every ESL school, in every ESL class always teach students,
这是每个英语学校的老师都经常在课上教学生的一组词汇。
but they don't necessarily teach it completely, so that's what we're going to look at today.
但是他们未必讲的全面，所以今天我们酒来学习一下。
"Affect", verb, in any situation you're looking at it, but it basically has two different meanings.
“affect”是动词，在任何情况下都是，都是它基本上有两个不同的意思。
One is to have an influence or to influence something, someone.
一个意思是，产生影响或者影响某事，某人。
It basically means to have some sort of power over something to make some sort of change.
意思就是在某事上面拥有某种权利，可以带来改变。
The noun, they go together, if something affects someone or something, then the result of that is the effect.
它和名词“effect”是一块的，如果某事影响了某人或某事，带来的结果就是影响。
Now, I'm stressing the "e" here just so you hear it, but in reality, in spoken and natural spoken English: "affect", "effect", "affect", "effect".
我在这里加重了“e”的发音，这样你就能听到了，但是在现实中，口语中的发音是这样的。
It sounds almost the same, so you have to be very careful.
听起来几乎是一样的，所以你需要非常仔细。
You especially have to think about the context. Okay? Context is very important in...
尤其是得考虑上下文。上下文是非常重要的。
With all these words, to know which one is being used, because the situation that you hear or read the word in will tell you which meaning it is.
这些单词，要知道用的是哪个单词，你看到或者听到的情境会告诉你它的意思是什么。
So the context is everything that is around the word.
上下文就是这个词周围的内容。
So "affect", to influence something; "effect" is the result or what that influence has done to something or someone.
“affect”就是影响某事，“effect”是影响某事或某人带来的结果。
"To affect" also means to move someone emotionally.
“to affect”也指在情感上打动某人。
So if you affect someone, it means you have an emotional... You create an emotional reaction in them.
如果你感动了某人，意思是你产生了感情...你引起了他们的情感反应。
Okay? You can affect them to the point of tears, means you're making them sad, you're making them so happy that they're crying.
你可以让他们感动到哭，意思是你让他们感到悲伤，让他们喜极而泣。
Now, here's the surprising one that many people don't realize: "effect" can also be a verb.
很多人不知道的令人惊讶的一点是：“effect”也可用作动词。
So most ESL teachers will tell you "affect" is a verb, "effect" is a noun, that's it.
所以很多学校老师会告诉你“affect”是动词，“effect”是名词。
But "effect" can also be a verb, it means to bring about.
但是“effect”也可用作动词，意思是引起，发生。
Okay? I'm actually going to write this down for you. Now, we especially talk about change.
我要把这个给大家写出来。尤其是讨论变化。
So, for example, a new manager comes into a department and he wants to effect a change, a corporate culture change.
比如，一位新经理来到部门，他想带来变化给企业文化带来变化。
He wants to bring about or to cause a change. Now, this is a little bit of a formal word, it's a big of a high-end word.
他想要带来变化。这个词汇有一些正式，它是一个很大的高端词汇。
If you're writing the IELTS, or TOEFL, or SAT, this is a very good word to use as a verb, but make sure that you know how to use it correctly before you try.
如果你在写雅思，托福或者SAT作文，这是一个非常好的动词，但是在你使用之前要知道如何正确使用它。
Cause, bring about. So, that's these ones. Next, we have "principle" and "principal".
引起，带来。就是这些词汇。接下来看“principle”和“principal”。
They sound the same, but obviously, different endings. This "principle" is basically a fundamental truth.
它们听起来一样，但是很明显，两个单词的结尾不同。“principle”基本上是一个基本的事实。
Something... Like, for example, if you're talking about a scientific principle, this is the truth,
有件事...比如，如果你谈论一个科学原理，这是一个事实，
and from this truth, we can make other truths or we can have other investigations into other areas.
基于这个事实，我们可以发现其他事实，或者去调查其它领域。
It's a fundamental truth. Now, when a person says that he or she has principles, and something goes against their principles,
它是一个基本的事实。当一个人说他或她有原则，有些事违背了他们的原则的时候，
that means that they have a very, very strong belief,
意思就是说，他们有一种很强的信念。
and they have a very strong way of doing something or looking at things, and other people can't change that.
他们有很坚定的做事或者看待事物的方式，其他人不能改变这一点。
Okay? So that is a principle. But if we look at "principal" like this, we have three different meanings.
这就是原则。来看“principal”，它有三个不同的意思。
One meaning, as a noun, is the head position of an organization. The most common use is at a school.
一个意思是，作为名词，它指的是一个组织的最高职位。最常用的地方就是学校。
The principal at a school is the head of the school; he runs the school or she runs the school.
校长是学校的头，他或她运营着学校。
Another noun form... Another noun use-sorry-of "principal" is the money that you invest that brings you interest.
另外一个名词的用法，“principal”指的是你投资的可以给你带来收益的钱。
Or if you take out a loan from the bank and you have to pay that money back,
或者是你从银行贷款，你需要把钱还了，
you will have to pay back the principal, which is the original money that they gave you, plus interest.
你需要把贷款本金还给银行，本金就是你一开始从银行贷来的钱，还有利息。
So if you have a mortgage on your house and every month you're paying a little bit,
如果你的房子有抵押贷款，每个月你都要还款，
you're paying a little bit from the principal and a little bit of interest until you pay back the whole loan.
还一些本金和利息，直到你还完了所有的贷款。
As an adjective it means-sorry-primary or first.
作为形容词它的意思是“主要的”。
The principal character in a novel means the main character, or the first character, or the most important character.
小说的主要人物指的就是主要的人物，或者是首要人物，最重要的人物。
Now, keep in mind, they will sound the same, but obviously you can see the difference in written English, so pay attention to that.
需要知道，它们听起来是一样的，但是书面看起来有明显的不同，所以要注意。
Also, again, use context. Context will tell you which meaning you're looking at.
而且，要利用上下文。上下文会告诉你它是什么意思。
Next, we have "compliment" and "complement". Compliment, complement, they sound almost identical.
接下来，我们来看“compliment”和“complement”。这两个词听起来几乎一样。
Both can be a noun or a verb. "Compliment" means nice words said about something or someone, or to say nice things.
两个词都可以作名词和动词。“compliment”指的是关于某事或某人的好话，或者指说好话。
So if you want to compliment me on my lovely shirt today, by all means, do so in the comments section at engVid.
如果你今天想赞美我可爱的背心，务必去英格威网站的评论区留言赞美。
But if you don't want to compliment me, that's okay, too.
但是如果你不想赞美我的话，也没关系。
But you can complement this lesson by giving people, your peers more examples.
但是你可以通过给人们和你的同事举更多的例子来补充这一课。
"To complement" means to complete or to add something to make the whole more complete.
“To complement”的意思是补充，或者是添加事物使整体更加完整。
So, for example, if you go to a restaurant and you order a nice steak, the waiter will suggest a good wine to complement that steak.
比如，如果你进了一家餐厅，订了一份牛排，服务员会建议你来杯好酒来搭配牛排。
It means the wine flavour and the steak flavour work together to have a complete, full flavour that you can enjoy.
意思是，酒和牛排组成了一个完整的风味，你可以尽情享受。
Okay? Compliment, complement. Let's look at a few more.
这就是这两个词。我们再来多看一些。
