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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin.
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想。
Viruses are one of the earliest forms of life as we know it.
正如我们所知，病毒是最早的生命形式之一。
They're little strings of genetic material (called RNA) coated in a protein jacket. They've evolved to make people sick in very specific ways.
它们是小串的基因物质(称为RNA)，包裹在蛋白质外壳里。它们以特定的方式进化，最终致人生病。
They hijack cells and use the cells to produce more viruses. Once the virus is ready, it can force its host to share it with others.
他们劫持细胞并利用这些细胞制造更多的病毒。一旦病毒做好准备，它就可以迫使宿主将其分享给其他人。
For example, the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes little red spots to appear all over the infected person.
例如，水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV)会使感染者全身出现小红点。
We call them chicken pox! They are very, very itchy. And the virus did that on purpose!
我们叫他们水痘！非常非常痒，病毒故意的！
It fills the pox with more viruses, so when people scratch them, they let the virus out of their body, spreading it to people nearby.
它会把更多的病毒注入到痘里，所以人们抓挠的时候，就会把病毒从身体中释放出来，传播到附近的人身上。
It's actually pretty smart in an evil way. And this is how lots of viruses move through the population.
它其实是非常聪明的，虽然很坏。这是很多病毒在人群中传播的方式。
They get inside a body, and then after a few days -- or, sometimes, years -- they'll try and hitch a ride to another body.
他们进入一个身体，然后过几天，或者，有时是几年，他们会尝试搭便车到另一个身体。
The time from when they get inside a person to when they try and spread, is called the incubation period.
从他们进入一个人体内到他们尝试传播，这段时间被称为潜伏期。
During that time, the virus is invading cells, and fighting the immune system.
在此期间，病毒侵入细胞，并与免疫系统作战。
During the incubation period, if you have a virus, you might not even notice! Chickenpox can take weeks before the first pox appear!
在潜伏期，如果你感染了病毒，你可能根本没有注意到！第一个水痘可能到几个星期后才出现！
The flu, another common virus, is less patient. Its incubation period is only half of a day. It really wants to get out into the world again.
而另一种常见的病毒，流感，就没那么有耐心了。它的潜伏期只有半天。它真的很想再次回到这个世界。
The flu spreads so fast through your friends because it can spread so fast in your body too.
流感通过你的朋友传播得很快，因为它在你体内也能传播得这么快。
The influenza virus evolve to make you cough and sneeze, so it can hitch a ride on the tiny droplets of water that come out when you do so!
流感病毒进化，会让你咳嗽和打喷嚏，这样它可以趁这个时候搭上那些飞沫。
Let's say Ian has the flu and coughs, then Pat inhales a few droplets later. Once inside his body, the influenza virus hopes to hit an epithelial cell.
假设伊恩得了流感，咳嗽了一声，然后帕特吸了几滴。一旦进入体内，流感病毒就会攻击上皮细胞。
Epithelial cells line the airway and are the perfect place for a new flu virus to set up shop.
上皮细胞排列在气道上，是新流感病毒开张的理想场所。
Once it finds the right cell, it has to get inside, but cells don't just let anyone off the street inside their membranes.
一旦它找到了合适的细胞，它就必须进入细胞内部，但是细胞不会随随便便让人进入它们的细胞膜。
So, to convince the cell to let it in, viruses have little bumps on the outside of their jacket -- called receptors.
所以，为了说服细胞让它进入，病毒的外壳上长着一些小突起，叫做受体。
Receptors are like keys, and if the virus has the right key, our cell will surround it -- called endocytosis.
受体就像钥匙，如果病毒有正确的钥匙，我们的细胞就会包围它——称为内吞作用。
This can happen less than 10 minutes after the flu droplet is inhaled! Once inside the cell, the influenza takes off its jacket -- and it transforms.
这种情况在吸入流感飞沫后不到10分钟就会发生！一旦进入细胞，流感病毒就会脱下外壳，然后就会转变。
From there, the little bit of genetic RNA material heads to the nucleus of the cell, and it does something called "cap snatching";
一小块遗传RNA物质进入细胞的细胞核，它做了一件叫做“抓帽”的事情。
It steals a "cap" from the host RNA molecules and puts it on itself.
它从宿主RNA分子上偷走了一个“端帽”，把它放在自己身上。
Once wearing the cap, the flu virus can trick the DNA in the nucleus to make more flu virus -- again and again and again.
一旦戴上帽子，流感病毒就能欺骗细胞核中的DNA，制造出更多的流感病毒——一次又一次。
As more and more virus fills up the cytoplasm, the new guys steal bits of the cell's outer membrane to put on a jacket and head out into the body.
随着越来越多的病毒充满了细胞质，这种新来的家伙窃取了细胞外膜的一部分，穿上一件外套，进入身体。
Even though the influenza virus invades human cells really quickly, it can take a day or two before you'll feel sick.
尽管流感病毒侵入人体细胞的速度非常快，但要过一两天你才会感到不舒服。
The immune system is on the prowl looking for infected cells and any virus in your bloodstream. It's a huge battle!
免疫系统正在寻找被感染的细胞和你血液中的病毒。这是一场巨大的战斗！
If you have a fever, or feel sore and achy, that's a side-effect of your immune system attacking an infection.
如果你发烧，或者感到疼痛，这是你的免疫系统抗击感染的副作用。
Fevers change the body's temperature to try and slow the virus down.
发烧会改变体温，试图降低病毒的传播速度。
The achyness comes from our own body trying to help the immune system cells fight the infection.
疼痛是由于我们的身体试图帮助免疫系统细胞对抗感染。
After a few days, the immune system usually wins out, but chances are you've already spread the virus to someone else.
几天后，免疫系统通常会胜出，但很有可能你已经把病毒传染给了别人。
Sorry. In the end, viruses aren't trying to hurt us, they're just fighting to survive.
对不起。最后，病毒并不是要伤害我们，它们只是为了生存而战。
I want to take a minute to thank our sponsor Audible.
我想花一点时间感谢我们的赞助商Audible。
Audible has an unmatched selection of audio books and they have a great offer for you guys.
Audible有精美的有声读物，他们为你们提供了绝佳的选择。
Use the URL audible.com/lifenoggin or click the link in the description to get a free audiobook when you sign up for a 30 day trial membership.
使用网址audible.com/lifenoggin或点击说明中的链接，注册为期30天的试验会员，获取免费的有声读物。
An awesome book you should definitely download is Astrophysics for people in a hurry by Neil deGrasse Tyson.
尼尔·德格拉斯·泰森(Neil deGrasse Tyson)的《给忙人的天体物理学》(Astrophysics for people in a hurry)绝对是你应该下载的一本好书。
That's one my animator is going to download. What's great about an audible membership is not only do you keep the books you order forever.
这是我的动画师要下载的。audible会员身份最重要的是，不仅保留了你订购的书籍，
Even if you cancel your membership you can also swap your book for another at no cost if you don't love it.
即使你取消了会员资格，如果你不喜欢那本书，你也可以免费换一本。
So go to audible.com/lifenoggin, click the link in the description to start your trial membership and download your free book today.
所以今天就去audible.com/lifenoggin，点击描述中的链接，开始你的会员试用并下载免费书籍。
Let me know in the comments what other books we should check out again. That's audible.com/lifenoggin.
请在评论中告诉我还有哪些书我们应该再看一遍。这是audible.com/lifenoggin。
Thanks again audible. Make sure you come back every Monday for a brand new video.
再次感谢audible。每周一都要回来看新视频哦。
As always, I'm Blocko, this has been Life Noggin. Don't forget to keep on thinking.
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停。
