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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin.
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想。
When you picture allergies, you may imagine someone sneezing, coughing, and itching on a beautiful spring day.
说到过敏，你可能会想到别人在美丽的春天打喷嚏、咳嗽、发痒。
Or perhaps you think of someone accidentally eating peanuts or shellfish and going into anaphylactic shock.
或者你可能会想到有人不小心吃了花生或贝类，然后出现过敏性休克。
Whatever the case may be, allergies are a serious problem for millions of people. But how and why do they develop?
不管怎样，过敏对数百万人来说都是一个严重的问题。但是它们是如何出现的呢？
And what's so different between allergies to pollen or dust and allergies to bee stings or soy?
对花粉或灰尘过敏和对蜜蜂叮咬或大豆过敏有什么不同？
Well, let's start with what these different types of allergies have in common: your immune system.
我们先来看看这些不同类型的过敏有什么共同点：你的免疫系统。
When an allergen makes contact with a surface on or in your body, nearby immune cells act quickly to destroy the allergen.
当过敏原与你的体表接触或进入你体内时，附近的免疫细胞会迅速地破坏过敏原。
The cell then covers itself in broken pieces of the allergen and moves to a site of some lymph tissue.
然后，细胞将自己包裹在过敏原的碎片中，并转移到一些淋巴组织的位置。
When it gets there, it passes pieces of the allergen onto even more immune cells, so that they can work together to form an antibody called immunoglobulin E, which definitely sounds like a monster from DND.
到达之后，它会把过敏原的碎片传递到更多的免疫细胞上，这样它们就可以一起形成一种叫做免疫球蛋白E的抗体，这听起来肯定像《龙与地下城》的怪物。
If the body comes into contact with the allergen again, these antibodies—which are proteins designed to attach to foreign substances and remove them from your body—will start a reaction to fight against it.
如果身体再次与过敏原接触，这些抗体——它们是用来附着在外来物质上并将其从身体中移除的蛋白质——将会开始一场对抗过敏原的反应。
First they activate a part of the immune system called a mast cell, which then expels a lot of chemicals, like histamines.
首先，它们激活了免疫系统的一个叫做肥大细胞的部分，然后释放出许多化学物质，比如组胺。
When histamines are released, they make your capillaries—the smallest blood vessels in your body—more permeable, which allows white blood cells to enter the capillaries and fight the allergens.
组胺被释放后，会使你的毛细血管——你身体中最小的血管——变得更加通透，从而使白细胞进入毛细血管与过敏原作斗争。
However, increased permeability doesn't just let white blood cells in.
然而，渗透率的提高并不只是让白细胞进入。
It also lets fluids out, causing the watery eyes and runny nose that you know and love. I'm not crying, I swear. It's just allergies.
它也会让液体流出来，导致你常看到的流泪流鼻涕。我发誓，我没有哭。只是过敏。
And similarly, a congested nose is caused by the capillaries growing larger due to the increased permeability.
同样，鼻塞是由于渗透率提高，毛细血管扩张造成的。
So that covers how you get allergies. But what about why?
这就是过敏的过程。但是原因是什么呢？
Why would your body turn against itself like that? And why are some allergies just annoying while others are deadly?
为什么你的身体会这样和自己作对？为什么有些过敏只是令人心烦，而有些是致命的？
For many years the prevailing idea was that the immune system perceived allergens as being similar to parasitic worms, and for that reason it would unleash the same attack on a peanut as it would on a tapeworm.
多年来，大家普遍认为，免疫系统认为过敏原与寄生蠕虫类似，因此它会像攻击绦虫一样攻击花生。
Parasitic worms are a serious threat, but they are less prevalent than they were in the lives of our ancestors, which explains why Immunoglobulin E would choose to attack allergens in the absence of worms.
寄生虫是一种严重的威胁，但与我们祖先的生活相比，我们的生活中寄生虫并没有那么普遍，这就解释了为什么免疫球蛋白E在没有寄生虫的情况下会选择攻击过敏原。
A similar theory says that allergens may have posed a real threat to us many years ago.
一个类似的理论认为，过敏原可能在许多年前对我们构成了真正的威胁。
According to Dr. Kate Welch, a specialist in immunology and allergies, it's possible that our ancestors were in serious danger when they encountered something like pollen.
根据免疫学和过敏症专家凯特·韦尔奇博士的说法，我们的祖先在遇到花粉之类的东西时可能处于严重危险之中。
Therefore, our immune systems are kicked into gear when they make contact with these allergens, even though we evolved and pollen isn't really a big threat anymore.
因此，当我们的免疫系统与这些过敏原接触时，我们的免疫系统就会运转起来，虽然我们进化了，花粉也不再是什么大威胁。
Welch claims that it's even possible that allergic reactions are important because they may warn us to get out of a dangerous area, say, directly under a wasp nest. Seriously, get away from there.
韦尔奇说，过敏反应甚至有可能是很重要的，因为它们可能会警告我们离开一个危险的地方，比如说，蜂巢下面正下方。说真的，离那远点。
Finally, another theory has come to light recently, and it claims that allergens are actually more dangerous than we might have known.
最后，最近出现的另一个理论，认为过敏原实际上比我们可能知道的更危险。
Several researchers have conducted a study in which they injected mice with an allergen found in bee venom called PLA2, which rips cell membranes apart.
几位研究人员进行了一项研究，他们给老鼠注射了一种叫做PLA2的过敏原，它会撕裂细胞膜。
They found that immunoglobulin E didn't react to the PLA2—until it started hurting cells.
他们发现免疫球蛋白E对PLA2没有反应——直到它开始伤害细胞。
So when you cough or your nose runs, this study suggests that it's just because your immune system is trying to get dangerous allergens out of your body!
因此，这项研究表明，你咳嗽或流鼻涕，仅仅是因为你的免疫系统试图把危险的过敏原从你的身体中清除出来！
And when it comes to life-threatening allergies, they're simply a more overactive version of the same response.
与威胁生命的过敏反应相比，他们只是反应过度。
So don't let your sneezing bother you too much! Your immune system is doing you a big favor.
所以不要让你的喷嚏太困扰你！你的免疫系统帮了你一个大忙。
My immune system is actually my animator and he saves me from stuff all the time.
我的免疫系统实际上是我的动画师，他总是把我从这些东西中拯救出来。
Right, animator, can you save me? Oh! Hello! So are you allergic to anything?
好的，动画师，你能救我吗？哦！喂！你对什么东西过敏吗？
Let us know in the comments section below or tell us what should we talk about next we're taking suggestions for future videos.
请在下面的评论区告诉我们，或者告诉我们接下来应该讨论什么，我们在为以后的视频收集建议。
Did you know that Life Noggin has another channel called Play Noggin?
你知道我们节目有另外一个频道叫Play Noggin吗？
We explore the science found in some of your favorite video games. Check out the video we did on splatoon2, and what the ink is really made of.
我们探索一些大热电子游戏中的科学。看看我们做的视频，是关于喷射战士2的，讨论了墨水是用什么做的。
When your Inklings is not grossed out, swimming through ink also gives them cover by hiding them from the enemy.
当你的角色不喷墨的时候，可以在墨水中游泳，不被敌人发现。
For actual squids it's not so different. Their ink sacs open up right by a funnel that can push water through.
对于真正的乌贼来说没有什么不同。它们的墨囊通过一个漏斗直接打开，可以把水推进去。
When a squid is threatened by a predator, they can dump the ink into the stream of water shrouding them while they find a place to hide.
当乌贼受到捕食者的威胁时，它们可以把墨汁倒进笼罩它们的水流中，同时找个地方藏身。
My name is Blocko. This has been Life Noggin. Don't forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高。这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停！
