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Hello everyone, I'm Jade, what we're talking about today is writing introductions,
大家好，我是Jade，我们今天要讲的是写作文开头，
and I'm going to give you three ways that you can write introductions, and you can use any of these three ways to answer an IELTS exam for the discursive essay or discursive essay questions in the CAE exam.
我会教你们三种写开头的方法，你们可以用这三种方法中的任何一个写雅思考试中的论述文，或CAE考试中的论述文。
So let's take a look at the kind of question I'm talking about, and I'll read the question to you first of all.
我们来看看我说的这种题目类型吧，我先把题目读给你们听。
"In Britain, elderly people may go to live in a home with other old people where nurses look after them.
“在英国，老人会搬去养老院和其他老人一起生活，那里有护士照顾他们。
Sometimes the government has to pay for this care. Who do you think should pay for this care?"
有时候政府必须为此买单。你认为谁应该支付老人的养老院费用？”
And then in the IELTS question it would say: "Give reasons and support your answer with your own opinions."
接着在雅思考试中，题干中会写道：“请列出原因并用自己观点支持你的回答。”
So this is a discursive essay, and if you look at it, there are two...there are two sides in the question.
这就是一篇论述文，仔细看的话会发现题干中有两方。
The first side is the government paying for the care.
第一方是政府支付费用。
And the other...the other side is implied, doesn't...doesn't tell us who the other side is, but if the government's not paying, it's implying that it's the...the children of the elderly people, so: "children of elderly people."
而另一方是暗指的，并没有直接告诉我们另一方是谁，但是如果政府不付这个费用，它在暗指老人的孩子应该付钱，所以写上“老人的孩子”。
So, in all these discursive essays, there's going to be some kind of opposition; one side and a different side, so now we found the two sides, the two ways of looking at this question.
在所有这些论述文中，会有某种对照，有一方和不同的另一方，所以现在我们找到了两方，两种看待这个题目的方式。
And what we're going to look at now is the first way that you can answer this question in an introduction.
我们现在要讲的是回答这个问题时在开头部分可以使用的第一种方法。
Because what happens is when you get there and you're writing an exam, many people just get stuck and they don't know what to write for the introduction; they don't know how to begin.
因为当你们到了考场要写作文时，很多人就犯难了，不知道开头部分要写些什么，不知道如何下笔。
And, of course, you can waste time if you don't know what to say.
而且如果你们不知道该写些什么自然是会浪费时间的。
So what some people do is basically just rewrite the question and just maybe change a couple of words, but it's not really an introduction if you do that.
有些人的做法基本上只是抄一遍题目内容，可能只是换掉几个单词，但是那么做根本算不上是个开头。
So let's look at rhetorical questions, you can use a rhetorical question to write an introduction.
所以我们来看看反问句（rhetorical questions），你们可以用一个反问句作为开头。
What's a "rhetorical question"? I think I just made a rhetorical question.
反问句是什么？我刚说的这个就是一个反问句。
It's when you...when you speak directly to the reader, asking a question, but of course the reader's not going to be able to answer you, so you answer the reader in the course of your argument.
就是当你直接与读者对话时，提出一个问题，但是当然读者无法回答你，所以你要在论证过程中自己回答读者。
So it's taking the question and making your own question out of it, essentially. So, an easy way to do it is by using: "should" to form your question.
所以本质上就是提取题目的内容，用它写出自己的问句。比较简单的方式就是用"should"来组成你的问句。
So remember we've got two sides, we've got an opposition, we've got government paying for the care and we've got the children of elderly people paying for the...for the care.
还记得我们在题目中有两方，有一个对照，有政府支付费用和老人的孩子支付费用。
So here we go, here's the first example: "Should the government or family pay for the care of elderly people?"
所以我们的第一个例句出来了："Should the government or family pay for the care of elderly people?"（政府应该支付老人养老费用还是家人应该支付这笔费用？）
So, in my answer, I've called them "family" here, it's a little bit...it's a little bit more direct and succinct, rather than saying: "children of elderly people".
所以，在我的回答中，我把他们称为了"family"，这比用"children of elderly people"更直接简洁一些。
So there's one example: "Should the government be responsible for providing care for elderly people?" I forgot my question mark there.
所以这是一个例句： "Should the government be responsible for providing care for elderly people?" ，我忘记写上问号了。
You don't need to write your rhetorical question with "should". You could use other question structures, for example: "Is it the responsibility of government to pay for the care of elderly people?"
你们也不一定非得用"should"来写反问句。你们可以用其他的问句形式，比如："Is it the responsibility of government to pay for the care of elderly people?"（支付老人的养老费用是政府的责任吗？）
You don't have to use "should", but I find "should" is an easy...easy way to generate your question. But then, you know, that's not the whole introduction; you need to say something else.
你们不一定要用"should"，但是我觉得用"should"写问句比较简单。但是，要知道，开头远不止那点内容，你们还需要写点其他的内容。
What do you say then? Well, you follow with the context. So, what's the context of this?
接下来要写什么呢？你们要按照背景信息来写。那么，这里的背景是什么呢？
Well, it's telling us what happens in Britain: elderly people go to homes and the government pays or sometimes the family pay,
它在告诉我们英国的情况：老人会去养老院，政府支付费用，或者有时候家人支付这笔费用，
but maybe there's a different context in other countries, for example: the country you're from.
但是也许在其他国家情况有所不同，比如在你们自己的国家。
Again, it's implying that, that it's not the same system everywhere in the world.
还有，这里是暗指的，并不是说全世界每个地方都是一样的体制。
So you could...you could bring this context into the next sentence in your introduction.
所以你们可以把这个背景信息加进开头部分的下一句。
So here is some sentences you can use for writing about the context.
下面是一些你们写背景信息时可以用的一些句子。
And I haven't...I haven't finished the sentences, I'll just improvise some endings.
我没有把这些句子写完，我就即兴编一些结尾吧。
For example: "This question" - talking about the rhetorical question - "generates a lot of debate because..." and now I'm going to improvise,
比如："This question（指的是前面的反问句） generates a lot of debate because（现在我要现编结尾了） the care for elderly people is very, very（不是非常非常，没有那么贵）is very expensive."
"This question generates a lot of debate because the care for elderly people is very, very" - not very, very - "is very expensive."
这个问题引起了很多争论，因为养老费非常贵。
Or you could say: "Opinion is divided about this issue because some families cannot afford to pay for the care of their elderly relatives, for this reason, it's not fair to expect them to pay." something like that, another improvised answer.
或者你们可以说："Opinion is divided about this issue because some families cannot afford to pay for the care of their elderly relatives, for this reason, it's not fair to expect them to pay."（人们对这个问题的观点各有不同，因为一些家庭负担不起老人的养老费，基于此，让他们来付钱是不公平的。）诸如此类，又是一个现编的结尾。
Or what about this one? In your subjects, you can use a group. Okay? You don't have to say: "I think", you don't have to use your own subjectivity.
或者，这个怎么样？你们可以用一个群体作为主语。不用说"I think"，不必用你自己的主观看法。
So you could say something like: "Most people" or you could, borrow the authority of somebody else, you could say: "politicians" or we could refer to someone relevant in the answer, we could say: "Most elderly people", for example.
你们可以说"Most people"，或者可以借用其他人的权威，可以说"politicians" ，或者我们也可以提到与答案有关联的人，比如我们可以说"Most elderly people"。
Here we go: "Most people think that..." improvising here: "Most people think that the government should pay for the care of elderly people because elderly people have worked and paid taxes all their lives so it's only fair."
开始啦："Most people think that（后面又要现编了） the government should pay for the care of elderly people because elderly people have worked and paid taxes all their lives so it's only fair."（大多数人认为政府应该支付老人的养老费用，因为老年人一辈子都在工作和纳税，这样才公平）。
I don't know if most people think that, but it's your essay, you can say what you like.
我不知道大部分人是不是这么想的，但这是你的作文，你可以想写什么就写什么。
So when you...when you've written your statement with the context, that's...will give you a few lines and that's enough for an introduction.
所以当你们已经结合背景信息写了句子，几行字就解决了，而且开头部分的内容也够了。
And then you can move on to the main body of your...of your essay. But what we look at next is the other ways of writing an introduction for your IELTS or CAE exam.
接下来你们就可以继续去写作文的正文部分了。 但是我们下面要讲的是在雅思或CAE考试中写作文开头的其他方法。
Let's have a look at the second way to write an introduction. So I just left some key phrases from the question at the top here.
我们来看看写开头的第二种方法吧。 我在顶上写了一些从题目中提取出来的关键短语。
Remember, we have an opposition: the government pays for the care or the family pays for the care.
别忘了，我们有一个对照：政府支付养老费用还是家人支付养老费用。
So if you are uncomfortable doing a rhetorical question, you might want to consider this way which I'm calling the "While Introduction".
所以如果你们不喜欢反问句，那你们也许可以考虑这种方法，我把它叫做"While"式开头。
And this is the structure for writing this kind of introduction, there are three parts to make your introduction.
这是写这种开头的结构，这种开头由三部分组成。
The first part is you need to write a context sentence and you can do that in the present simple. The second part is a "While" sentence for contrast.
在第一部分，你们需要写一个介绍背景的句子，可以用一般现在时。 第二部分是一个用于对比的由"While"引导的句子。
And the third part is a statement of opinion, so we're going to look at those three different parts now.
第三部分是一个陈述观点的句子，现在我们要来具体讲讲这三个不同的部分。
So, one: context sentence, present simple. So, here you're expressing some kind of general fact about the situation.
第一部分：背景信息句，一般现在时。 你们在这里要表达关于这个情况的一般事实。
"The care of elderly people is expensive, therefore, there is debate about who should pay for it."
"The care of elderly people is expensive, therefore, there is debate about who should pay for it."（养老费很贵，因此究竟谁应该支付这笔费用存在争议。）
We put commas before "therefore", you're not using: "I think" or anything like this, this is just a general statement about the situation.
"therefore"前面要加上逗号，这里不要用"I think"之类的表达，这只是关于这个情况的一般陈述。
Remember that in Britain, elderly people go to live in a home sometimes and the government sometimes pays for them?
还记得前面我们说过在英国，老人有时候会搬去养老院住，有时候政府会支付这笔费用吗？
Well, you're just adding a little bit of opinion there, saying it's expensive, you're...you're showing us what the problem is if you...if you do that.
你们只是要在那个基础上稍微加上一点点观点，说这笔费用很贵，这么做的话你是在告诉我们问题是什么。
So there...there you have your context.
所以背景句就完成了。
Then we get to the part where we need to make the "While" sentence for contrast, and this is where we show the two positions: some people think this, some people think that. Let's have a look.
接下来我们来讲第二部分，也就是需要用"While"引导的句子进行对比的部分，在这里我们要展示出两个立场：一些人是这么认为的，另一些人是那么认为的。我们来看看吧。
So this would be your sentence or something similar: "While some people think that the government should pay, others think that the family should pay."
你们可以采用这个句子，或者相似的句子："While some people think that the government should pay, others think that the family should pay."（一些人认为政府应该为此买单，而另一些人则认为家人应该支付这笔费用）。
So, what you do is you need to put the two sides of the argument into your "While" sentence, so here I put "some people" and I'm contrasting it with "others", "others".
那么，你们要做的就是把两方的观点放进你的"While"句式里，在这里我用了"some people"，然后用"others"作为对比。
But we could...we could vary this, we could also say: "many people" or we could even say: "elderly people".
但是也可以用不同的，我们也可以说"many people" ，或者甚至"elderly people"。
We could include...we could include the group of people that the question's actually talking about.
我们可以把题干涉及的这群人加进来。
So, we need to make the opposition and we do that by mentioning here the other side of the situation-- the family should pay like that.
我们需要作出对比，而我们的做法是通过在这里提到另一方观点——家人应该支付这笔费用。
When you write a "While" sentence, there will always be a comma in between your first clause and your second clause.
写"While"引导的句子时，不要忘记在第一小句和第二小句之间加上逗号。
So then what do you do? You need to give a statement of opinion to close this introduction.
那么接下来做什么呢？你们需要写一个句子陈述你们的观点，以此来结束开头部分。
So you can use...you can use this phrase to get you started, you can say: "In my opinion". "In my opinion, there are strong arguments on both sides..."
你们可以用这个短语开始，你们可以说"In my opinion"。 比如："In my opinion, there are strong arguments on both sides..."（在我看来，双方的论据都很有力......）。
So you would continue that, saying something about why you think one side is strong.I think this kind of thing is really good for an IELTS answer.
你们可以继续往下写，讲讲你们为什么认为其中一方的观点更有力。我认为这种答案用在雅思考试的作文中非常好。
If you are at university level, you need to be writing something more sophisticated, but I'm giving you just a template you can use in your answers so that you don't get stuck.
如果你们已经达到了大学水平，那你们就需要写一些更高级的内容，但我只是在给你们一个可以用在你们自己的答案中的模板，省得你们一时不知该如何下笔。
And if you follow this template, you'll get a good score in your essays, oh, well the introduction will be good at least.
如果你们按照这个模板写，作文部分就能取得不错的成绩，至少开头是好的。
So here's another option, you could say: "In my opinion, the government" - or you could choose a different subject -, "the family should pay as..." blah, blah, blah.
再给你们一个选择，你们可以说："In my opinion, the government"，或者你们也可以换个不同的主语，比如："the family should pay as..."
So here, you're including in the introduction what you actually think, you're showing us how you're going to argue in the rest of the essay or what you're going to discuss in the rest of the essay.
在这里，你们把自己的实际想法加进了开头部分，告诉我们在作文剩下的部分你们将如何论证，或者你们在作文的其他部分将要讨论什么。
If you say something like this: "In my opinion, there are strong arguments on both sides", we don't really know where you're going with your answer yet, maybe you don't know yet and that's why you're choosing that.
如果你们这么写： "In my opinion, there are strong arguments on both sides"，我们并不知道你的答案是什么，也许你自己也还不知道，所以你们要做出选择。
If you say: "In my opinion, the family should pay..." blah, blah, blah, then we know that throughout your argument, that's what you're going for; you're going to make the case that it's the responsibility of the family.
如果你们这么写："In my opinion, the family should pay..."，那我们就知道在你整个论证过程中，那就是你要论证的内容，你们要按照“家人应该负责”来论证。
So when we come back, we're going to look at the third and final way that you can use...a template that you can follow to write an introduction for IELTS or CAE.
我们回来后会继续讲第三，也是最后一个可以用在雅思或CAE作文开头的模板。
Now we're going to look at the final way that I have for you to write an introduction for your IELTS or CAE.
现在我们来看看我给你们准备的可以用于雅思或CAE作文开头部分的最后一个方法。
So, often, these kind of questions are really set up for you to be able to bring in your own experience from your own country, so you can contrast the cultures between Britain and where you're from, for example.
通常这种类型的题目其实都是设置来帮助你们把自己国家的经验代入到作文中去，所以你们可以在英国和你们自己国家的文化之间做一个对比。
So, I've called this third option: Sharing experience or contrasting cultures.
我把这个叫做第三种选择：分享经验或进行文化对比。
So remember the question was set up in a way that said: "In Britain, the government generally pays for the care of elderly people"?
还记得题目内容是：“在英国，政府一般会支付老人的养老费用”吗？
Well, maybe it's different in your country so we can use this structure for making an introduction.
也许情况在你们的国家有所不同，所以我们可以用这个结构来写一个开头。
The first part is a context sentence about your country. So the question told us what it's like in Britain, what's it like in your country?
第一部分是对你国家情况的背景介绍。题目告诉了我们英国的情况，那么你的国家是怎么样的呢？
The next part is a "However" contrast sentence, so contrasting sentence.
下一部分是一个"However"引导的对比句。
And the last part of the introduction is you giving a statement of opinion: Which system or which culture do you think is best?
开头的最后一部分是写一个句子陈述你的观点：你认为哪一种体制或哪种文化最好？
Effectively, so let's look at those sentences.
我们来看看这些句子吧。
For the context sentence about your country, I'm just going to put a country here.
关于你国家的上下文句子，我只是把一个国家放在这里。
"In __ the family is responsible for" - miss out the word - "for the care of their elderly parents."
“在__家庭负责” – 空着这个词 - “照顾他们的年迈父母”。
Well, I spent some time in Nepal and I can tell you that there, the family is responsible.
我在尼泊尔度过了一段时间，我可以告诉你，家庭是要负责的。
They have a very different system; the way they live is very different, so, in fact, I don't have to be from Nepal to say that.
他们有一个非常不同的系统;他们的生活方式是非常不同的，所以实际上我不一定要来自尼泊尔才能这样说。
It's not like I'm talking about my country; doesn't have to be your country to make this kind of...to use this kind of structure.
我不是在说我的国家，不必是你的国家才能这样做...使用这种结构。
So, for example: "In Nepal the family is responsible for the care of their elderly parents, therefore they must pay for their care."
所以，例如：“在尼泊尔，家庭负责照顾老年父母，因此他们必须付出代价。”
It's not an option for the government to pay for the care here, so there's a context sentence.
政府在这方面的付费并不是一个选择，所以有一个语境的句子。
Then show the contrast, that's what it's like in Nepal, what's it like in Britain?And you can use what was said in the question to be able to answer that.
然后显示对比，这就是尼泊尔的样子，英国是什么样的？你可以用这个问题所说的话来回答。
"However, in Britain the situation is different." - Yeah, we know it's different because the government can pay for the care - "Perhaps because family life is different."
“不过，在英国情况是不同的。” - 是的，我们知道这是不同的，因为政府可以付费照顾 - “也许因为家庭生活是不同的。”
You could go on to discuss this more in the main body of your essay, you don't...you don't definitely...essentially, you don't need that so much, that's just like a little bit extra.
你可以继续在你的文章的主体中讨论这方面更多的内容，你不...你不是绝对的...基本上，你不需要这么多，这只是一点点额外的内容。
You could just leave it like that: "However, in Britain the situation is different."
你可以这样说：“但在英国，情况是不同的。”
And then you can give your opinion: which way or which system is better? So whatever you think.
然后你可以提出你的意见：哪种方式或哪个系统更好？无论你想什么都可以。
"In my opinion, the government should pay for the care of elderly people because..." blah, blah, blah.
“在我看来，政府应该付费照顾老年人，因为...”，blah，blah，blah。
So what I've tried to do is break down the structure of an introduction for you because a lot of people just get really stuck and they don't know what to write,
所以我试图做的是打破你的介绍结构，因为很多人刚刚陷入困境，他们不知道写什么，
because you see this question there and you don't really know how to put it together.So what can you take away from today's lesson?
因为你在那里看到这个问题，而且你真的不知道如何把它放在一起。你在今天的课上可以学到什么？
You can think...you can think about an introduction as something with a beginning, and a middle, and an end, and a structure that you can follow.
你可以想想...你可以把一个简介作为一个开始，一个中间，一个结束，一个你可以遵循的结构。
Plus, you can take away some of the set phrases that I've given you so that you can include those in your introductions in the future when you're writing something.
此外，您可以学到我给你的一些短语，以便将来在你写作内容时，可以将其包含在你的介绍中。
But what you can do now is, of course, go to the engVid website where you can do a quiz on this lesson.
但是现在你可以做的就是去engin网站，你可以在这个课上做一个测验。
So that will prepare you for writing introductions for your exams.
所以这将为你准备好你的考试介绍。
And what I'd also like you to do is subscribe here on my engVid channel and also on my personal channel.
而我也希望你订阅我的engVid频道和我的个人频道。
I've got lots and lots of videos on my personal channel about learning English, other things as well, accents, a variety of things for you to enjoy there.
我的个人频道上有很多视频，用于学习英语，其他的内容以及口音，各种各样的东西，都可以让你沉浸在学习中。
So, yes, we're finished now, I'm just going to go fishing.I'll see you later.
所以，是的，现在结束了，我只是要去钓鱼了，以后再见。
