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Hi, there. My name is Emma, and in today's video I'm going to teach you something very important for if you're taking any type of test that has a writing component.
大家好，我是Emma，在今天的视频里我要教你们一些非常重要的内容，如果你们要参加任何有写作部分的考试，这些内容都非常有用。
So, if you are taking the IELTS, the TOEFL, the CELPIP, even just a university test, it can be any type of test,
所以如果你们要参加雅思、托福、CELPIP，甚至大学考试，可以是任何类型的考试，
but if you're asked to write something like an essay or a paragraph, this video is for you.
但只要试卷上要求你写作文或一个段落，这个视频对你来说都很适用。
Okay? So I'm going to teach you a very important skill that will help improve your marks when it comes to writing on tests.
我会教你们一个很重要的技巧，这个技巧在考试的作文部分能够帮助你们提高分数。
So, let's get started, so, I have here an essay question.
那我们开始吧，我这里有一道作文题。
This question is actually...I've seen it on the IELTS, you know, you have similar types of questions on the TOEFL, sometimes in university.
实际上这个题目......我在雅思考试中见到过这个题，托福考试有类似的题目，有时候大学考试也有这种题。
The question is this: "Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country. Do you agree or disagree?"
题目是："Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country. Do you agree or disagree?"（教育是一个国家发展中唯一最重要的因素，你同意吗？）
Or maybe: "To what extent do you agree or disagree?"So, this is an example of a question you might be asked.
或者"To what extent do you agree or disagree?"（你有多同意，或者多不同意？）这是你们可能会遇到的题目的一个例子。
Now, a problem a lot of students have is in their answer to this question.
很多学生会出现的问题就在他们对这个题目的回答中。
They see this, and they think: "Okay, education is the most important factor in the development of a country, yes, I agree."
他们看到这个题目，然后想：“嗯，教育是一个国家发展中最重要的因素，是的，我同意”。
So then they...or: "I disagree", and they start writing.And what do they write?
所以接着他们......或者觉得“我不同意”，然后他们就开始下笔了。他们会写什么呢？
Usually the very first thing students will write is this: "I agree that education is the single most important factor in the development of a country because..."
通常学生会写的第一句话是："I agree that education is the single most important factor in the development of a country because..."（我赞成教育是一个国家发展中唯一最重要的因素，因为......）
So, what is the problem with this?Is there any problem to start off your essay with something like this, or to start off your answer? There's a big problem.
这里有什么问题呢？作文开头这么写有问题吗？或者像这样开始作答有问题吗？问题大了。
So I want you to take a moment and think: What could be the problem with starting your essay off with this sentence?
我想让你们花点时间想一想：把这个句子用作你们作文的开头有什么问题呢？
Okay, well, if you noticed, you have here the word: "education, education, is, is, the single most important, most important factor".
如果你们注意到了，会发现这里是"education"，这里也是，这里是"is"，这里也是，这里是"the single most important"，而这里是"most important factor"。
If you notice, these are the same, they're the exact same, except for: "I agree that" and "because".
你们会发现这些都是一样的，完全一样，除了"I agree that"和"because"。
The student, here, has used the exact same wording that is in the question.
这个学生在这里的用词和题目中完全一样。
So, if you do this on the IELTS, and many students do this, same with on the TOEFL, you actually will lose marks.
所以如果你们在雅思考试中这么做，很多学生会这么做，在托福考试中也是一样，这样你们实际上会丢分的。
And same with in university, because you're not showing your abilities; you're just copying what somebody else has said or what the essay question is.
大学考试也是一样，因为你们没有展示出自己的能力，只是在照抄其他人说过的话，或者作文题目的内容。
So, in this video, I'm going to show you first off...first off, I'm going to tell you: don't do this, don't copy.
所以在这个视频里，我要告诉你们......首先，我要告诉你们不要这么做，不要照抄。
And I'm going to teach you ways in order to improve yourself and your answer by changing this wording.
然后我要教你们一些通过改变措辞来提高你们作文分数的方法。
How can you change your introduction so it's different than what the question is.Okay? So, let's look at how to make these changes.
我要教你们如何把开头部分改得和题目内容不同。知道了吗？那我们来看看如何修改吧。
Okay, so what we are going to do in order to change the question into a proper answer that doesn't just copy the question, is we are going to paraphrase.
为了把题目改成合适的答案而不只是照抄题目内容，我们要做的是paraphrase（同义转述）。
So, the word here is: "paraphrase", this might be a new word for you.What does it mean to paraphrase something?
这里的单词是"paraphrase"，这对你们来说可能是个新词。转述某事是什么意思呢？
Well, when we paraphrase, it means we take a sentence that, you know...we take somebody else's sentence and we change it into our own words.
我们在转述时，会拿一个别人写的句子，然后把它变成我们自己的语言。
Okay? So, we change the words of a sentence, we also change maybe the sentence structure, but we keep all the same meaning.
我们会换掉句子里的单词，可能还会改变句子的结构，但是会保留所有意思不变。
Okay? So, the meaning from the sentence you copy, it stays the same, same meaning, but different words and different sentence structure.
所以你们抄写的这个句子的意思还是一样的，意思不变，只是用了不同的单词和不同的句子结构。
Okay? So it's in your words, but this other person's meaning.
知道了吗？就是用你自己的语言阐述另一个人表达的意思。
So, we are going to paraphrase this example of a question into our own words.
我们要把这个例题转述成我们自己的语言。
So, first we're going to look at how to do that using vocabulary and synonyms.
首先我们要来讲讲如何用词汇和同义词做到这一点。
So, we have here the same question: "Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
我们用的还是同一个题目："Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
How can we put this into new words or our own words that keep the same meaning?
我们如何才能把这个句子换成新单词或者我们自己的单词，但是同时保持意思不变呢？
Well, we can use synonyms, so, this might be a new word for you, too, a "synonym".
我们可以使用synonym（同义词），"synonym"对你们来说可能也是个新单词
"Synonyms" are words that have the same meaning, but are different words.
"synonyms"就是外形不同但是意思相同的单词。
So, for example: "big" and "large", they have the same meaning, just like: "huge", "enormous", these are synonyms of each other; same meaning, but they're different words.
举个例子，"big"和"large"，它们的意思一样，都是“大”，还有"huge"和"enormous"（巨大），这些都是彼此的同义词，意思相同，但是是不同的单词。
So, you need to use different synonyms so you don't just copy these words.
你们需要使用不同的同义词，而不只是把单词原封不动地抄下来。
You use synonyms to have words that have the same meaning, but are different words.So, let's look at an example, our first word, here, is: "education".
你们要用意思相同但是是不同单词的同义词。我们来看个例子吧，我们题目里的第一个单词是"education"（教育）。
What's another word we can use instead of...instead of "education"?Well, there's different words we can use, maybe one could be: "schooling".
我们可以用什么单词来代替"education"呢？有很多不同的单词可以用，其中一个可以是"schooling"。
Okay? So, we could change this word to "schooling"."Schooling is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
我们可以把这个单词换成"schooling"。那这个句子就变成了："Schooling is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
What's another word we can change? Well, maybe "most important".
还有什么单词可以换掉呢？也许可以把"most important"（最重要的）换掉。
Instead of using the word "most important", maybe we could use: "most significant" or "most essential".
也许我们可以用"most significant"或"most essential"代替"most important"。
Okay? So: "essential", "significant", there are many words you can use.
可以换成"essential"，"significant"，有很多单词可以用。
But the point here is: find a word that has the same meaning, but is a different word.
但是这里的重点就是：找到一个意思相同的不同单词。
Okay, here's another word: "factor". Can you think of another word for "factor"?
好了，还有一个单词"factor"（因素），你们能想到另一个和"factor"意思相同的单词吗？
Well, sometimes "factor", it can be an "aspect" or an "element". Okay?
有时候"factor"也可以用"aspect" 或者"element"来表示。
You can even say sometimes: "a significant role". Okay? Or: "a part".
有时候你们甚至可以说"a significant role"，或者"a part"。
So, there's different words we can use that have similar meanings.
所以有很多意思相同的不同单词可以用。
In terms of the word "development", we can change the word "development" to "advancement", "progression", "evolution". Okay?
至于"development"（发展），我们可以把"development"换成"advancement"，"progression"，"evolution"。
And in terms of the word "country", another word for "country" is "nation". Okay?
还有"country"（国家）这个单词，另一个有这种意思的单词是"nation"。
So, these are all synonyms, and this is what you want to do: when you look at the question, think about some new words you can use that have the same meaning.
以上这些都是同义词，这就是你们要做的事情：当你们在看题目时，想出一些可以用的意思相同的新单词。
This is also important throughout your essay, because one problem a lot of students have is they keep using the same word again, and again, and again in every sentence.
这在整篇作文里也很重要，因为很多学生的问题在于他们会在每个句子里一直不断重复使用同一个单词。
This does not help you with your marks, it's better to use different words that have the same meaning.
这对你们的分数一点好处也没有，最好用一些意思相同的不同单词。
At the same time, you have to be careful, here, because some students, they find a new word, they think it's a great word, but there is a little bit of a difference in meaning.
同时你们也要小心，因为有些学生找到了一个新单词，他们认为这个单词很棒，但是其实意思上稍微有点差别。
So, you need to be really comfortable with the word you choose, and you need to know what it actually means so it doesn't sound strange.
所以你们要对自己选择的单词运用自如，要知道它真正的意思，这样写出来的句子才不会很奇怪。
Okay, so if we wanted to change this now, instead of saying: "Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country",
好了，如果我们现在就要改变这个句子，原句是："Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country"，
our paraphrase...our first step in our paraphrase could be changing these words to: "Schooling is the single most significant element in the advancement of a nation."
我们转述的第一步就是把这些单词换成："Schooling is the single most significant element in the advancement of a nation."
Okay? So that's just one example.So, now, let's look at another thing you can do in order to paraphrase the question on a test or exam.
知道了吗？这只是一个例子。那么现在我们来看看转述试题可以采用的另一种方法。
Okay, another way we can paraphrase is by changing the structure of the sentence.
我们转述的另一个方法是改变句子结构。
So, for example, you might have a verb and...you know, which is an action, and you might change that into its noun form.
比如，你们可能有一个动词，它表示的是一个动作，而你们要把那个单词变成名词形式。
So, for example, if your verb is "developing", you might change that into "development".
假设你们的动词是"developing"，那你们就可以把它变成"development"。
You might change, similarly, a noun into a verb.
相似地，你们也可以把一个名词变成动词。
Okay? So, for example, we just said "development" is the noun, it can turn into: "develop" or "developing".
举个例子，我们刚才说了"development"，这是名词，它可以变成"develop"或者"developing"。
You can also change things into adjectives.
也可以把单词变成形容词形式。
So, if, for example, you're talking about "technology", which is a noun, you can change this into the adjective form which is "technological".
假设你们在谈论"technology"，这是名词，你们可以把它变成形容词形式，也就是"technological"。
So, changing the form of the word can help you with paraphrasing.Also changing placement of the words can help you out.
所以，改变单词的形式能够帮助你们进行转述。改变单词的位置也能对你们有所帮助。
So, for example, in our original sentence or the question was: "Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
比如，我们原本的句子或题目是："Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
So, I've now changed some of the wording, as well as the order.
我现在已经改变了其中一些用词，还有顺序。
Okay? So, here: "Education" is at the beginning, in my sentence: "The most essential element of a nation's development is education."
在这里"Education"位于句首，而我的句子是："The most essential element of a nation's development is education."
I've changed the order of the sentence, so now "education" is at the end, instead of at the beginning.
我改变了这个句子的顺序，所以现在 "education"位于句末而不是句首。
I've also started out with: "The most essential", as my beginning; whereas here, it was in the middle.
我用了"The most essential"作为句子的开头，而在这里这个部分位于句子中间。
You'll also notice we have here: "in the development of a country", I've changed this to: "nation's development".
你们还会注意到，原句中是"in the development of a country"，而我把它变成了"nation's development"。
I could also change this to: "country's development", instead of "the development of a country".
我也可以把它变成"country's development"来代替"the development of a country"。
So, changing the order of the sentence and changing some of the structures can really help you in terms of paraphrasing.
所以，改变句子的顺序和其中一些结构真的能够帮助你进行转述。
Now let's learn one other way in which we can improve our marks by paraphrasing.
现在我们再来学一种通过转述提高分数的方法。
Okay, so the last tip I have about paraphrasing a question is using concessions.
我关于转述题目的最后一个技巧是使用"concession"（让步状语从句）。
So, what is a concession? Well, I want you to look at what the question actually says and my new answer to it.
那么，"concession"是什么呢？我想让你们看看这个题目的原句和我的新答案。
The question, again, same question as before: "Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
题目和之前的还是一样的："Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country."
My answer...okay, so I've changed some words and I've also changed the structure a bit, but there's one other thing I've added.
我的答案......我换掉了里面的一些单词，还稍微改变了一下结构，不过我还往里加了一个东西。
"Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building, I think education has a far greater impact."
"Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building, I think education has a far greater impact."（虽然很多人可能认为经济是国家发展中最重要的因素，但我认为教育起着更为重要的作用。）
So, what I've done here is I've added a concession.
我所做的就是加入了一个让步状语从句。
A concession is where you say what the opposite opinion is, and then you say what your opinion is.
让步状语从句就是先表达一个相反的观点，然后说出你自己的观点。
So, you're giving two opinions; you're giving your opinion and also what other people might think.
所以你们要给出两个观点，要给出你们自己的观点，还有其他人的想法。
This is a great thing to do, especially in essays, and this is something you can do at the beginning of your answer.
这个做法非常棒，尤其是在作文中，你们可以把这种句子放在答案的开头。
So, we use here the key word: "Although". Okay?And you'll notice that this has two clauses.
我们在这里使用的关键词是"Although"（虽然）。你们还会注意到，这里分成了两个句子。
I don't want to get too technical with grammar on you today, but what I mean is:
我今天不想弄得语法性太强，不过我的意思是，
if you see, we have the red part: "Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building..."
看这里，我们有红色的部分："Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building..."
And then we have a second part, so, we have two parts to this sentence: "...I think education has a far greater impact."
接着还有第二部分，所以这个句子总共有两个部分："...I think education has a far greater impact."。
So, the first part of the sentence is in red and it's the "Although" part, and the second part of the sentence is in purple.
这个句子的第一部分是红色的，就是"Although"引导的部分，第二部分的句子是紫色的。
Okay? And that's: "I think education has a far greater impact."And they're separated by a comma, so, a concession has two parts to it.
看到了吗？也就是"I think education has a far greater impact."。它们之间用一个逗号分开了，那么，让步状语从句总共有两个部分。
You say what the other people think first, in this case: "Although many...", "many" meaning people, we could also say: "many people".
你要先说出别人的想法，在这里是"Although many......"，"many"的意思是人，也可以说"many people"。
"Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building..."
首先是："Although many would argue that the economy is the most important factor in nation-building..."。
Okay? So, this is what some people would say.Now I'm going to say what I think: "I think education has a far greater impact."
这是一些人可能会说的。现在我要来说我自己的想法了："I think education has a far greater impact."。
So, why is this a good idea?
为什么这么做很不错呢？
Well, one reason is because when you write a concession, when you're showing what the opposite opinion of yours is, you're showing that you've thought about the issue.
一个原因是因为当你在写让步状语从句时，在展示与你相反的观点时，你是在告诉别人你仔细思考过这个问题。
Okay? You're looking at both sides, you're not just looking at your opinion, you're looking at both sides, and then you're making a judgment.
这表示你两方面的观点都在考虑，不仅只是看到了自己的观点，两面你都看到了，然后你要做出一个判断。
So this shows that you're thinking about the question, and you're really giving it some thought.
这表示你有在仔细思考这个题目，有在认真考虑这个问题。
And by representing both sides, you're really showing critical thinking, so this is a very good idea to do.
而且通过代表两方观点，你展示出了批判性思维，所以这么做非常好。
Okay, so the three things we've talked about today in terms of paraphrasing the question is: changing the words using synonyms.
好了，所以我们今天讲了转述题目的三个内容，其中有用同义词替换单词。
We've talked about changing the sentence structure, and we've also talked about adding the other perspective using concessions. Okay?
我们讲了改变句子结构，还讲了加上其他观点使用让步状语从句。
So, these are three things you can do in order to change the question so you're not just copying what is on your test paper.
以上是你们要改变题目内容时可以采取的三种做法，这样就不用把试卷上题目的内容照抄下来了。
Again, great thing to do if you're writing a high school essay, university essay, TOEFL, IELTS, CELPIP, all of these things, this skill will really come in handy for you.
再说一次，如果你们要写高中作文、大学作文，托福、雅思、CELPIP等考试中的作文，采用这种做法非常棒，这个技巧对你们来说会非常有用的。
Now, you might be wondering: "Okay, this is great, but I don't know any synonyms, or I...you know, I don't know much about this."
你们现在可能会想：“好吧，这是不错，但是我不认识什么同义词，或者，我对此了解不多。”
Well, what you can do is you can come check out our website at www. engvid. com.
如果是这样，你们可以登陆我们的网站www. engvid. com。
There, you can find a lot of other resources, including improving your vocabulary.
你们可以在那里找到很多其他的资源，包括增加词汇量方面的资源。
We even have a video on how to make concessions, you know, we have videos on sentence structure, too, so, there's a lot of videos you can check out and a lot of resources.
我们甚至还有一个关于写让步状语从句的视频，也有关于句子结构的视频，反正有很多值得你们一看的视频和资源。
You can also come visit our website where you will find a quiz, and by taking that quiz,
登陆我们的网站，你们还会找到一个小测验，通过做这个小测验，
you can actually practice your paraphrasing skills so you can see, you know: "Am I doing this right? Is this...you know, is this the right way to do this?" and get more practice.
你们能够练习自己的转述技巧，可以看看自己做得对不对，练习练习。
So, I hope you've enjoyed this video, and until next time, take care.
希望你们喜欢这个视频，下次见啦，保重。
