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Hi. Welcome back to www. engvid. com. I'm Adam, and today's lesson is for those of you who will be taking the IELTS test.
大家好，欢迎回到engvid网站，我是Adam，今天的课程是为你们中将要参加雅思考试的人准备的。
Now, as usual, when I do an IELTS class, I will speak a little bit faster, a little bit closer to natural speed for those of you who need the extra listening practice.
和往常一样，我在讲雅思课程时说话会稍微快一点，会比较接近正常语速，这样也能满足你们中需要额外听力练习的人。
But this is for everybody; there's always something to learn, it's all English.
但是这个课程对所有人都适用，总有能学到的东西，毕竟全都是英语。
So today we're going to specifically look at IELTS Task 1, and I'm going to give you a few vocabulary that are essential to success in IELTS Task 1.
今天我们要具体来讲讲雅思作文第一部分，我会教你们一些完胜雅思作文第一部分必备的词汇。
You won't necessarily use all of them every time, but you need to know these nine words that I'm going to show you-or 10 words,
你们不需要每次都把所有这些单词用上，但是要认识我将告诉你们的这九个单词，或者十个，
depends how you look at it-you need to know these words so you're ready for pretty much any kind of infographic that comes your way.
取决于你们怎么看了，你们需要了解这些单词，这样差不多就能应对任何在考试中可能遇到的信息图了。
Now, most of the time and most of your practice, I'm sure, is graphs. Okay?
大部分时候，我相信你们做的大部分练习都是关于曲线图的，对吧？
So we're going to start with looking at graphs, and we're going to look at these two words: "fluctuate", a verb, okay? And: "fluctuation", a noun.
所以我们先从看这些曲线图开始，我们要来讲讲这两个单词："fluctuate"和"fluctuation"，一个是动词，一个是名词。
Now, from my experience, checking students' or test takers' essays, this word is quite often misused. Okay?
从我批改学生或考生作文的经验来看，这个单词经常被用错。
I think sometimes people are not exactly sure what this word means.So, to show you, I'm going to show you a graph, here.
我认为有时候人们不是很清楚这个单词到底是什么意思。所以为了告诉你们这个单词的意思和用法，我要给你们看一个曲线图。
This is a fluctuation, let's say we're looking at a span of 2000 to 2014, so we're looking 15 years of sales, let's say.
这是一个fluctuation（波动），假设我们看的是2000年到2014年这个时间段，所以我们看的就是15年的销售额。
Sales and.... whatever the number is, in hundred of millions. Okay?"Fluctuate" means to go up and down quite rapidly. Okay?
销售额和.....随便说个数字吧，几亿几亿的。"fluctuate"（波动）的意思是快速地上升和下降。
It doesn't have to be rapid; it could be steady, but there's an up, there's a down, there's an up, there's a down.
也不一定要非常快速，也可以较为平稳，但是要有上升，要有下降，缺一不可。
If you're going something like this, this you don't call a fluctuation.
如果图上曲线的走向是这样的，那就不能把它称为fluctuation。
Even though it's not a straight line, it's still not a fluctuation, because overall, the sales are still going upwards, they're still increasing.
虽然它不是直线，但也不能算是fluctuation，因为整体上销售额还是呈上升趋势的，依然在增加。
Fluctuation, there must be some downward movement as well, it goes up and there's down from...let's say from the starting point.
如果是fluctuation，则必须也要有下降的趋势，这里在上升，而这里在下降，假设从起始点开始下降。
So here we go up, down, up, down, up, down, here, it's mostly up, you very rarely go down below where you started.
所以这里的走向是上升，下降，上升，下降，上升，下降，而这里主要是上升，很少会下降至起始点以下。
So overall, you have an upward motion, this is to fluctuate.
所以整体上有一个上升的趋势，这是fluctuate。
So, you can use it as a verb: Over the span of the recording, of the record, of the 15 years,
你们也可以把它用作一个动词：Over the span of the record of the 15 years,
sales fluctuated from let's say 100 million to as little...and ended up here, let's say, it's a little bit lower to 110.
sales fluctuated from 100 million to a little bit lower to 110. （在十五年间，销售额从一亿波动到了略低于一亿一千万）。
So, overall, there was a slight increase, but sales fluctuated throughout the period. Okay?
所以整体上略有增长，但整个时期的销售额有所波动。
You can use "fluctuation", if you want to talk about the graph as a whole, you can say: "The graph shows fluctuations in the sales numbers." Okay?
你们也可以用"fluctuation"，如果想要描述整个曲线图，你们可以说："The graph shows fluctuations in the sales numbers."（曲线图显示销售额呈波动状态）。
The graph shows fluctuations, sales fluctuated.So you can talk about the...whatever is on the x-axis itself, or you can talk about the graph as a whole.
曲线图显示出了fluctuations，而销售额fluctuated。你们可以描述X轴代表的事物本身，也可以描述整个曲线图。
Use "fluctuate" for whatever item is here; use "fluctuation" for the graph as a whole.
描述X轴的事项时使用"fluctuate"，描述曲线图整体时使用"fluctuation"。
Next: "plateau", now, I know most of you probably know this word, if you're doing IELTS, you've heard this word before and you've used it before,
下一个："plateau"（平稳期，达到平稳状态），我知道你们大多数人可能都认识这个单词，如果你们要参加雅思考试，可能以前听到过这个单词，或者用过这个单词，
but a lot of you don't seem to understand that "plateau" can be both a noun and a verb.
但是你们很多人似乎都不知道"plateau"既是个名词也是个动词。
Just like: "peak", the highest point, can be both a noun and a verb. Okay?
就像"peak"（最高点）这个单词既是名词也是动词一样。
So, just to make sure we understand: something is going up, it stops for a while, it goes steady, it goes up again, it goes steady.
为了确保你们能弄懂这个单词的意思，我演示一下：某个事物在上升，停了一会儿，保持平稳，然后再次上升，又保持平稳。
This area is a plateau, this area is a plateau.So, I'm going to use the same information, sales and time.
这个区域是一个plateau，这个区域也是一个plateau。我还是用同样的信息——销售额和时间来进行讲解。
So, sales increased for the first five years, then they plateaued for the next seven years, after which, they started to rise again until they reached their next plateau.
销售额在头五年呈增长趋势，接着在接下来的七年里保持平稳状态，在这之后，它们又开始增加，直到进入下一个平稳期。
So, you see, I've used "plateau" as a verb: "They increase until they plateaued"."Then they continued to increase until they reached their next plateau."
你们看，我把"plateau"用作了一个动词： "They increase until they plateaued". （它们一直增加，直到保持平稳）。还用作了名词："Then they continued to increase until they reached their next plateau." （接着它们继续增加，直到到达下一个平稳期为止）。
Verb, noun, both of them are okay, try to use both of them, and make sure that you're referring to something.Now, if you have something like this, this could be a plateau.
名词和动词，两种词性都可以用，尽量两种都用上，并且确保你们有所指。如果图上曲线是这样的，这可以称作plateau。
But if you're going like this, this is not a plateau, a plateau, usually, is not very short, it has to be somewhat extended.
但是如果是这样的，这不是个plateau，通常plateau不是很短，必须延长一些。
If it's too short, then it's just a little pause, it's just a little steady pause.If it's extended, then you have a plateau.
如果太短，那它只是一个小停顿，只是一个平稳的小停顿。如果这种趋势延长了，那就是一个plateau了。
And then, let's say it increased again...actually, I'll use a different color now so we're not confused, and then started declining.
接着，假设它再次增加......我要用个不同的颜色这样就不会混淆了，然后开始减少。
So, sales increased, increased, it plateaued for a while, then they increased again, then they plateaued again, and then they increased again until they reached their peak.
所以，销售额增加，增加，保持平稳一段时间，接着又开始增加，然后又保持平稳，接着又增加，直到到达最高点。
Let's say this is 250. Okay? So, sales continuously increased until they reached their peak of 250,000.
假设这是250，所以销售额不断增加，直到到达最高点250000为止。
Now, again, "peak" can be a noun or a verb, "Sales increased until they peaked at 250".After which, there was a sharp decline over the next three years. Okay?
同样的，"peak"既是名词也是动词，也可以说"Sales increased until they peaked at 250".在此之后，在接下来三年时间里销售额急剧减少。
So sharp decline over the next three years.
所以接下来三年里急剧减少。
Now, if you have the opposite way, you have sales going down...excuse me, sales are going down, down, down, now, technically, you could say they "bottom out".
如果走向完全相反，销售额下降，一直下降下降下降，那么严格来说，你们可以把这叫做"bottom out"（触底）。
"Bottom out" means they reach their lowest level.
"bottom out"的意思是达到最低水平。
But a safer way... because a lot of people also misuse this expression, the safest way: "Until they reached their lowest point."
但是更安全的方法......因为很多人也会用错这个短语，所以最安全的做法是写："Until they reached their lowest point." （直到它们到达最低点）。
Simple is best, but "peak" you pretty much have to use, because you can't say: "There's going to be a lot of highest points, highest point, highest point."
简单是最好的，但是你们必须要用"peak"，因为你们不能只会说"highest point"。
You have to have sentence and vocabulary variety in your writing, so use "peak" as a noun, use "peak" as a verb, use "plateau" as a noun, use "plateau" as a verb.
写作时必须保持句子和词汇的多样性，所以可以把"peak"用作名词，可以把它用作动词，把"plateau"用作名词，把"plateau"用作动词。
Okay, let's continue, you've already heard me use this word: "overall".
好了，我们继续，你们已经听到过我用"overall"这个单词了。
Again, "overall" does not mean in conclusion, a lot of people use this word to introduce a conclusion.
"overall"（整体）并没有“综上所述”的意思，很多人会用这个单词来引出结论。
"Overall" basically means you're looking at the whole graph, so you're looking at the entire span of something.
"overall"基本上就是纵观整个曲线图的意思，也就是表示你们在看某事物的整个时间段。
Here, we're looking at 2000 to 2014, this is your span.Okay? This is the duration of the information, how long this information is being recorded on the graphs. Okay?
在这里我们看的是2000年到2014年，这是你们的时间段。这是信息的持续时间，也就是曲线图上记录了多长时间的信息。
So, you could say that: "Although sales started very low and they fluctuated, and they reached a peak and then dropped again, overall, there is an increase."
所以你们可以说："Although sales started very low and they fluctuated, and they reached a peak and then dropped again, overall, there is an increase." （虽然销售额起始值较低并且时有波动，到达最高值后又下降，但整体上还是有所增长）。
What does that mean? It means: from this point to this point, there is an increase.
什么意思？意思是从这个点到这个点有所增长。
So don't say: "It went up, it went down, it went up. It went up for this year, then down for this year."
所以不要说"It went up, it went down, it went up. It went up for this year, then down for this year."
Just say: "There were fluctuations, but overall, sales went up over the span of the report...of the reported information." Okay?
说"There were fluctuations, but overall, sales went up over the span of the reported information." （时有波动，但在信息被记录的这个时间段里，销售额整体有所增长）就行了。
Now, of course, we're speaking about "span".
现在我们要来讲"span"（时间段）。
You must use this word, a lot of people do not use this word enough when they're talking about time, a graph with time. Okay?
你们一定要用这个单词，很多人在描述时间，带时间的曲线图时用这个词用得不够多。
So, again: "span" is the duration from the beginning to the end, and again, "span" is both a noun and a verb.
"span"表示的是从开头到结尾的这个时间段，同样的，"span"既是一个名词又是一个动词。
The graph shows an overall increase over the span of a decade, this word is crucial.
在十年这个时间段，曲线图显示了整体增长，这个词很重要。
Whenever you're talking about movement over time, you always talk about "over": over the span of. Okay?
每次描述随着时间流逝而发生的动作时，都要用"over"，比如over the span of。
Now, you don't say: "In the span of a decade", if you say: "In the span of a decade", it means between 10 years, something happened.
不能说"In the span of a decade"，如果用"in"这个介词，表示的就是在这十年之间发生的事情。
"Over the span of the decade" means you're talking about beginning to end.
而"Over the span of the decade"表示的是从开始到结束整个时间段。
So it's very important to use this preposition with "span", with motion.As a verb: "The info, the information spans 15 years."
所以使用"span"时，描述动作时搭配这个介词非常重要。用作动词时："The information spans 15 years."（信息跨越了15年时间）。
It means it goes from... let's say 2000 to 2014, it covers 15 years of recorded information."Span" is a verb, "span" is a noun, try to use both.
意思是从......假设是从2000年到2014年，它包含了15年来记录的信息。"span"可用作动词，也可用作名词，试着两种词性都用用。
Now, again, remember you don't want to use the same word more than twice in an essay, unless you're using it once as a noun,
记住，在一篇作文里不要使用同一个单词超过两次，除非一次用作名词，
another time as a verb, you demonstrate command of this word, which will get you a little bit extra points if you use them correctly.
一次用作动词，这样你就表明了自己对这个词的掌握程度，使用得当的话可以加分。
Okay, let's look at some other words.Okay, so now we have a few more words we're going to look at.
好了，我们来看看其他单词。我们现在还有一些单词要讲。
Now, the reason I chose these is because these are very, very commonly misused. Okay?
我选择这些单词是因为它们经常被用错。
People send me their samples, they want me to check them, I fix these words all the time, people always make mistakes with these words.
人们会把他们的文章发给我，想让我检查一下，我总是帮他们订正这些单词，他们使用这些单词的时候总是出错。
Ages, if you're going to talk about age groups within your charts, or tables, or graphs, or whatever, then you're going to use these words.
先来讲讲年龄，如果你们要描述图表中的年龄段，那你们就要用到这些单词。
Now, let's say there are groups, there are four age groups: 18-25,26-35, etc.If you want to talk about this group, now, there's two ways you can do it.
假设有四个年龄段，18-25岁，26-35岁等等。如果你们想描述这个年龄段，一共有两种方法。
You can mention the young group, the middle group, the old group, or if you want to talk about specific ages, you can say: "Those aged..."
你们可以说年轻组、中年组、老年组，或者如果你们想描述具体年龄，那可以说"Those aged..."
It basically means "who are aged 18-25", so this is a participle, now, a reduced adjective clause. Okay?
基本上就是"who are aged..."的意思，这是一个分词，一个简化的形容词从句。
"Those aged 18-25 were asked to do this. Those 18-25 years of age were asked to do this." Okay?
可以说"Those aged 18-25 were asked to do this"，也可以说"Those 18-25 years of age were asked to do this."（18-25岁的人被要求这么做）。
This is the exact same meaning, "Those aged 18-25", "those who are".
"those aged 18-25"和"those who are"是一个意思。
Although, technically, "who were" because I used "were" here, but you get the idea.
不过严格来说，应该是 "who were"，因为我在这里用的是"were"，不过你们知道我是什么意思就行了。
"Those who were 18-25 years of age were asked..." "years of age", or: "Those 18-25 years old", do not mix the two.
可以说："Those who were 18-25 years of age were asked..."，可以用"years of age"或者"Those 18-25 years old"，但是不要用混了。
If you use the word "aged", do not use the word "old", if you use the word "old", do not use the word "aged", they don't go together; it's one or the other.
如果你们用了"aged"这个单词，就不要用"old"，如果用了"old"，就不要用"aged"，它们不能一起用，只能取其一。
Then you have this one: "18-25-year-olds", now you're making this whole thing into one noun.
接着来看这个："18-25-year-olds"（18-25岁的人），现在这整个结构变成了一个名词。
Notice here is the "s", no "s" here, notice you have the hyphen and the hyphen.
注意这里有"s"，而这里没有"s"，这里有三个连字符。
This extra hyphen is because of the range, if you have only 25-year-olds, that's fine, you still have this hyphen,
这个多加一个连字符是因为这是年龄范围，如果只是"25-year-olds"，那就没关系，只用两个连字符就行了，
you still have this hyphen, no "s", "s", and the whole thing is now a noun.
注意有没有"s"的区别，这整个结构现在就是个名词了。
So three ways to talk about ages, but do not mix them up.
所以共有三种描述年龄的方法，但是不要把它们混起来用。
And this is a very common mistake people make on IELTS 1, and this is something that the graders are looking for,
人们在雅思写作第一部分经常犯这种错误，而这正是评卷人要找的内容，
because this is somewhat basic knowledge, basic grasp of the language.
因为这是基础知识，是对这门语言基本的掌握。
Now: "percent" and "percentage", people always mix these two words up.
现在来讲"percent"和"percentage"，人们经常把这两个单词弄混。
What do you need to know about "percent"? "Percent" is an adverb, "percentage" is a noun, they are used differently.
关于"percent"你们有什么需要了解的呢？"percent"是个副词，而"percentage"是个名词，它们的用法不同。
When we talk about percent, we always use it...sorry, this (%) is "percent" by the way.
我们在讲百分比时，经常会用到它......顺便说一下，%这个符号就是"percent"。
You can use the symbol, or you can use the word, but don't use both.
你们可以用这个符号，也可以用这个单词，但是不要两个都用。
Always use a number with this word, if you have the word "percent" in your writing, there must be a number before it, otherwise, you're not using it correctly.
这个单词前总是要加上一个数字，如果在写作中用了"percent"这个单词，那一定要在前面加上一个数字，否则就用错了。
"10% of the men surveyed said that..."Percentage, on the other hand, means a small chunk of the whole. Right?
比如"10% of the men surveyed said that..." （接受调查的人中10%认为......）。而"percentage"的意思则是整体的一小部分。
You have 5%, you have a very small percentage of the whole, you have 95%, you have a very large percentage of the whole.
5%占整体的比例非常小，而95%占整体的比例非常大。
So, let's say 10% is small, "A small percentage of the men surveyed said that..."
我们假设10%非常小，那么："A small percentage of the men surveyed said that..." （接受调查的人中很小一部分表示......）。
One thing you have to remember: you're almost always going to use an adjective with this word.
有一点要记住：几乎每次都要在这个单词前加上一个形容词。
Because if you don't, if you just say: "A percentage", well 5% is a percentage, 50% is a percentage, 95% is a percentage, so just saying "percentage" alone doesn't really give me much information.
因为如果你们不加形容词，只是说"a percentage"，那么5%是一个比例，50%是一个比例，95%也是一个比例，光说"percentage"给不了我多少信息。
You have to say: "A small percentage, a large percentage," etc.
你们必须说"A small percentage, a large percentage"等等。
But remember: always a number, never a number with this one.
但是记住：这里总要加上一个数字，这个永远不加数字。
Now, "respectively", this is a very good word to use, again, people often misuse it.
现在来讲"respectively"（分别）这是个很好的单词，但也是一样，人们经常用错。
One thing to remember when you use the word "respectively"...first of all, you must have two lists.
用"respectively"这个单词的时候要记住一件事，首先必须有两个列表。
Okay? You have two lists with equal numbers of items and equal number of items in each list.That means you have to have a minimum two things in the list.
要有两个有相同数量事项的列表，每个列表里的事项数量要相同。也就是说列表中至少要有两个事项。
You could have many items in the list, but as far as IELTS Task 1 is concerned, I recommend no more than three. Okay?
列表中可以有很多事项，但是就雅思作文第一部分而言，我建议不超过三种。
Now, the thing about "respectively", what this word means is that the order of the first list matches the order of the second list.
关于"respectively"，这个单词的意思是第一个列表中的顺序和第二个列表中的顺序是对应的。
So let's look at an example, "I have three kids: Tommy, Jake, and Katy. They are 5,10, and 7 years old, respectively."
来看一个例子吧："I have three kids: Tommy, Jake, and Katy. They are 5,10, and 7 years old, respectively." （我有三个孩子，Tommy, Jake和Katy，他们分别5岁、10岁和7岁）。
Put a comma before the word "respectively".Now, I don't need the "years old", I just put it there to show you, you can take it out, you can leave it in; both okay.
"respectively"这个单词前要加上一个逗号。其实不需要加上"years old"，我只是为了给你们讲解才放进去的，你们可以把它拿掉，也可以保留，都行。
This is the first thing in the list, this is the second, this is the third.What "respectively" tells me is that these numbers match the order.
这是列表里的第一项，这是第二项，这是第三项。"respectively"告诉我的是这些数字对应着这个顺序。
So, Tommy is 5, Jake is 10, Katy is 7, respectively. Right?The order matches the order, that's what this word is used to do, to show you that.
所以，Tommy 5岁, Jake 10岁, Katy 7岁，因为用了"respectively"对吧？这里的顺序对应着这里的顺序，这就是这个单词的用处，就是为了告诉你这个。
Lastly, the word "latter" and "former", people sometimes mix these two up.
最后，我们来讲"latter"和"former"，人们有时候会把这两个单词弄混。
Again, you're going to have two...you're going to mention two things, or two people, or two places, or two anything in one sentence.
还是一样，你们在一个句子里要提到两个东西、两个人、两个地方或者任何两个事物。
Now you want to discuss each of these things individually in the next sentence. Okay?
现在你们想在下一个句子里分别讨论每一个事物。
So, "latter" means you're referring to the second thing mentioned earlier; "former" means the first thing.
那么，"latter"（后者）指的是之前提到的第二个事物，而"former"（前者）指的是第一个事物。
So if I take Katy out and I have...I have three kids, Tommy and Jake, the latter...who is the latter?
如果我把Katy拿掉，我有三个孩子，现在还有Tommy和Jake，后者......谁是后者？
The latter is 10 years old, the latter is Jake because I mentioned him second.The former, Tommy, is 5, former - first; latter - second. Okay?
后者10岁，后者是Jake，因为我第二个才提到他。而前者Tommy 5岁，"former"指的是第一个，"latter"指的是第二个。
These are the words that you must fully grasp to use for the IELTS Task 1.
这些是你们必须全面掌握，要用在雅思作文第一部分的单词。
At some point in your practice or official test, you will use half or maybe even all of these words in your task. Okay?
在你们练习或正式考试的某个部分，你们要把这些单词中的一半或者甚至全部用于答题。
Make sure you know how to use them correctly.
请确保你们知道如何正确使用这些单词。
Also, if you need any more information about IELTS, some more writing tips, check out my site: www. writetotop. com.
如果你们需要更多关于雅思的信息，想学习更多写作技巧，请登陆我的网站www. writetotop. com。
Of course, go to www. engvid. com, do the quiz on the quiz section of that site.
你们也可以登陆www. engvid. com做小测验，测验都在网站上的测验部分。
Don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel, and come back again. Bye.
别忘了订阅我的YouTube频道，还有欢迎再来观看视频。再见。
