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Recording Two
录音二
When it comes to food, color is money. Food companies know that better color gives better prices, so they ensure that their products are attractive in color to bolster earnings.
说到食物，颜色就是金钱。食品公司知道，更好的颜色会带来更好的价格，因此他们确保自己的产品在颜色上具有吸引力，以提高收益。
Oranges, for example, have to meet specific color standards, and oranges are just the beginning.
例如，橙子必须符合特定的颜色标准，而橙子只是个开始。
There are color standards for foods including French fries, tomatoes, pumpkins, olives, honey, and milk.
食物有颜色标准，包括炸薯条、西红柿、南瓜、橄榄、蜂蜜和牛奶。
The attention to color is for good reason. For all the talk of the tongue, our eyes really might be the most important part of the eating experience.
对颜色的关注是有充分理由的。尽管舌头在说话，但我们的眼睛可能是饮食体验中最重要的部分。
A great number of our brain functions are dedicated to processing vision,
我们大脑的大部分功能都致力于处理视觉，
while only a percent or two is given over to taste faculties, and the result is that color actually changes how we taste food.
而只有一两个百分点的功能被赋予味觉，结果是颜色实际上改变了我们品尝食物的方式。
Scientists have demonstrated many times the importance of color to taste.
科学家们已经多次证明了颜色对味道的重要性。
In a 1980s study, for example, test participants were asked to name the flavor of the beverage they were drinking without being able to see that beverage.
例如，在20世纪80年代的一项研究中，测试参与者被要求在看不到饮料的情况下说出他们正在喝的饮料的味道。
Only one in five was able to identify it as orange.But when they were allowed to see what they were drinking, which was orange in color, each of them identified the orange flavor.
只有五分之一的人能辨别出那是橙子味。但当他们被允许看到他们喝的是橙色的东西时，他们每个人都辨别出了橙子味。
And when a drink that was lime flavor was colored orange, nearly half of respondents identified the flavor of the beverage as orange.
当一种酸橙味的饮料变成橙色时，近一半的受访者认为这种饮料的味道是橙子味。
None made that mistake when the beverage was green in color.
当饮料是绿色时，没有人犯过这个错误。
What's happening when someone fails to identify the flavor of a beverage they can't see, or that has an abnormal color?
当有人无法识别他们看不见的饮料的味道，或者饮料的颜色异常时，会发生什么？
Is it that participants can't discern what the flavor is and so rely on visual cues?
是参与者无法辨别味道，因此依赖视觉线索吗？
Or does color actually change the experience of taste? The key to these questions is the effect of color on expectation.
还是颜色真的会改变味觉体验吗？这些问题的关键是颜色对期望的影响。
The brain makes predictions using color. These predictions rely on expectations that come from experience.
大脑使用颜色进行预测。这些预测依赖于来自经验的期望。
Research shows that we're all born liking sweet things and desire to eat them.
研究表明，我们生来就喜欢甜食，并渴望吃甜食。
But we aren't born knowing what the sweet things we crave look like, so we need to learn this over time.
但我们天生就不知道我们渴望的甜食是什么样子的，所以我们需要随着时间的推移来学习。
The brain gets information from the environment,and we learn, for example, that fruits go from green and sour to red and ripe and sweet.
大脑从环境中获取信息，例如，我们学习到水果从绿色和酸味变成红色、成熟和甜味。
Thus, if we see a green berry, we equate its color with a sour taste. And just looking at a red fruit will activate our expectations that it will taste sweet and delicious.
因此，如果我们看到一个绿色的浆果，我们就把它的颜色等同于酸味。仅仅看着一个红色的水果就会激发我们对它尝起来又甜又美味的期望。
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.
请根据刚刚听到的录音回答问题19至问题21。
Question 19. What does the speaker say about our eyes?
问题19. 关于我们的眼睛，讨论者说了什么？
Question 20. What does colour actually do according to this lecture?
问题20. 根据这个讲座，颜色实际上是来做什么的？
Question 21. What does the brain use colour to do?
问题21. 大脑使用颜色来做什么？
