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All societies are held together by seven universal moral rules, which include deferring to superiors and respecting the property of others, Oxford University has concluded.
牛津大学总结称，所有社会都是由七条普遍的道德准则维系在一起的，其中包括遵从和财产权利。
Although many cultures are moving towards more liberal, less hierarchical organizations,
尽管许多文化正朝着更自由、层级更少的组织发展，
the new research suggests that traditional power structures and basic values of charity and brotherhood are the cornerstones of successful societies.
但新的研究表明，传统的权力结构以及慈善和宗教组织的基本价值观是成功社会的基石。
The huge study of 60 different cultures around the world found that all communities operate under seven basic moral codes.
对世界各地60种不同文化的大规模研究发现，所有团体都在七种基本道德准则下运作。
Those universal rules are: help your family, help your group, return favours, be brave, defer to superiors, divide resources fairly and respect the property of others.
这些普遍规则是：家庭价值，团体忠诚，互惠，勇敢，遵从，公平和财产权利。
The character traits held for every kind of community, be they traditional hunter gatherers or advanced civilizations, helping to uphold civilized society and foster social cooperation, researchers found.
研究人员发现，无论是传统的狩猎采集者还是先进的文明，每种团体所具有的性格特征都有助于维护文明社会，促进社会合作。
"Everyone,everywhere,shares a common moral code," said Dr. Oliver Scott Curry, lead author and senior researcher at Oxford.
牛津大学的主要作者兼高级研究员奥利弗·斯科特·库里博士说：“无论在哪里，每个人都有一个共同的道德准则。”
These seven moral rules appear to be universal across cultures because people face the same social problems.
这七条道德规则似乎在不同文化中具有普遍性，因为人们面临着同样的社会问题。
Even if some of these traits look right wing or conservative, for example, deferring to authority, left wing people will still have a group loyalty and deference to someone or something.
即使这些特征中的一些看起来是右翼或保守派，例如遵从权威，左翼人士仍然会对某人或某事保持忠诚和尊重。
This shows there really is more that unites us than divides us.
这表明，真正的情况是团结远多于分化。
The study, published in Current Anthropology, is the largest and most comprehensive and widespread survey of morals ever conducted and aimed to find out whether different societies had different versions of morality.
这项发表在《当代人类学》上的研究是有史以来规模最大、最全面、最广泛的道德调查，旨在找出不同社会是否有不同的道德版本。
The team accessed the world's best archives to analyze accounts from more than 600 sources of 60 societies around the world.
该团队访问了世界上最好的档案，分析了来自世界各地60个社会的600多个来源的账户。
They found that the seven rules were considered morally good in all societies and were observed across all continents,religions,and politics.
他们发现，这七条规则在所有社会中都被认为是道德上良好的，并且在所有大陆、宗教和政治中都得到了遵守。
However, some communities valued certain rules more highly than others. Dr. Curry hopes that this research helps to promote mutual understanding between people of different cultures and appreciation of what we have in common and how and why we differ.
然而，一些团体比其他团体更重视某些规则。库里博士希望这项研究有助于促进不同文化背景的人之间的相互理解，并欣赏我们的共同点以及我们如何以及为什么不同。
Co-author, Professor Harvey Whitehouse, said social scientists should now set about testing the theory in the field rather than relying on old data.
合著者哈维·怀特豪斯教授表示，社会科学家现在应该着手在实地测试这一理论，而不是依赖旧数据。
"This study was based on historical descriptions of cultures around the world," he said.
他说：“这项研究是基于对世界各地文化的历史描述。”。
"These descriptions were made independent of, and prior to,the theory we're testing."
“这些描述是独立于我们正在测试的理论的，而且是在该理论之前做出的。”
In the future,if social scientists are serious about testing theories of morality, they will need to gather new data more systematically out in the field.
未来，如果社会科学家认真对待道德理论的测试，他们将需要在该领域更系统地收集新的数据。
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
请根据刚刚听到的录音回答问题16至问题18。
Question 16. What do we learn from the conclusion of the Oxford University researchers?
问题16. 我们从牛津大学研究人员的结论中了解到什么？
Question 17. What did the new study by Oxford researchers aim to do?
问题17. 牛津大学研究人员的这项新研究的目的是什么？
Question 18. What does Harvey Whitehouse think social scientists should do to test theories of morality?
问题18. 哈维·怀特豪斯认为社会科学家应该做些什么来检验道德理论？
