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State-run hospitals are the main providers of health care for those at the bottom of the economic ladder in India.
公立医院是给印度的经济底层人群提供医疗保健的主要机构。
The public network consists of primary health care centers as well as top research and training institutes.
公立医疗网络由初级医疗保健中心和顶级研究培训院校组成。
Although there are thousands of private hospitals that typically have better facilities, they tend to be expensive and do not necessarily employ the best doctors.
虽然有成千上万的通常拥有更好设施的私立医院，但私立医院往往价格昂贵，而且不一定雇用最好的医生。
Many young doctors who want to specialize in a certain field of medicine join government-backed medical colleges and teaching hospitals.
许多想专攻某一医学领域的年轻医生会加入政府支持的医学院和教学医院。
In recent years, the Indian government has been trying to increase the number of such institutions to train more doctors.
近年来，印度政府一直在努力增加这类机构的数量，以培养更多的医生。
However, highly trained doctors tend to cluster around cities and in states that have more medical colleges and teaching hospitals, which leaves large areas of rural and small-town India without easy access to health services, especially for complex diseases like cancer, studies have found.
然而，研究发现，训练有素的医生往往集中在拥有更多医学院和教学医院的各大城市和邦，这使得印度广大农村和小镇地区难以获得医疗服务，尤其是对于癌症等复杂疾病。
City hospitals are left with many more patients than they are equipped to handle.
城市医院里的病人太多，超出了医生们的处理能力。
Patients and their relatives, already agitated because of a health issue, often wait for hours to see a doctor.
患者及其家属已经因为健康问题而感到不安，但还常常要等上几个小时才能看医生。
“There was no system to attend to the most serious patients first,” said Gunika Sehgal, who recently accompanied her father, who suffers from liver dysfunction, to the emergency room at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, one of the country’s top hospitals.
“没有能优先诊疗最严重病人的制度，”古尼卡·塞加尔说，她最近陪患有肝功能障碍的父亲去了新德里全印度医学科学研究所的急诊室，这是印度顶尖医院之一。
Ms. Sehgal said they were attended to within two hours only because her family pulled some strings.
塞加尔说他们在两个小时内得到了接诊，这只是因为她的家人找了关系。
“I don’t know how much longer we would have waited if not for that connection,” she said.
“如果不是因为有那层关系，我不知道我们还得等多久。”她说。
The combination of overwhelmed doctors and irate patients can create a tinderbox.
不堪重负的医生和愤怒的患者结合在一起，可能会让情况变成一触即发的火药桶。
While resident doctors around the world often work long shifts, since part of their training involves admitting patients and tracking their journey, the burden is heavier in India’s under-resourced system.
虽然世界各地的住院医生都经常长时间工作，因为他们的部分培训内容涉及接收病人并跟踪他们的治疗过程，但在印度资源不足的医疗系统中，印度住院医生的负担更重。
The sheer number of patients makes it incredibly tough, said Dr. Dhrubajyoti Bandyopadhyay, a cardiologist.
心脏病专家杜巴吉欧提·班迪奥帕迪亚医生说，患者的数量之多使工作变得异常艰难。
Dr. Bandyopadhyay worked at several state-run hospitals in India, including R.G. Kar (the hospital where the Kolkata doctor was raped and killed) before joining Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University’s largest teaching hospital.
班迪奥帕迪亚医生曾在印度的几家公立医院工作，包括RG Kar医院（那位加尔各答医生就是在这家医院被强奸和杀害），然后加入了哈佛大学最大的教学医院马萨诸塞州总医院。
“People from villages and slums come to the hospital, so in a day in an O. P. D. we used to see 400 patients, which is not possible for two to three people,” he said, referring to the outpatient department.
“来自村庄和贫民窟的人们都来医院看病，所以在OPD我们一天要看400个病人，两三个人是看不过来的。”他说，OPD指的是门诊部。
Once during his residency, Dr. Bandyopadhyay administered CPR to an 80-year-old man in an emergency room after his pulse stopped but was unable to save him.
在他当住院医期间，班迪奥帕迪亚医生在急诊室为一名脉搏停止跳动的80岁男子进行心肺复苏术，但未能挽救他的生命。
The patient’s relatives then started accusing him of killing the man by pumping his chest for half an hour, Dr. Bandyopadhyay said, and refused to have a post-mortem done.
班迪奥帕迪亚博士说，病人的家属随后开始指责他按压了病人胸部半小时而杀死了病人，并拒绝进行尸检。
“All of a sudden, 50-plus people gathered and started shouting and verbally abusing us,” he said. “There was no one to protect us.”
“突然之间，50多个人围起来，开始吼叫和辱骂我们，”班迪奥帕迪亚医生说，“但是没有任何人能保护我们。”
Reflecting on the episode, Dr. Bandyopadhyay later said in a WhatsApp message that emotion and “impunity that nothing will happen if you abuse a doctor” were behind violent behavior toward health workers.
班迪奥帕迪亚医生后来回忆这个事件时，在WhatsApp平台上说，对医疗工作者施加暴力行为的背后是情绪和“伤害医生也不会有什么后果的有罪不罚”。
Dr. Sharma, the anesthesiologist who is trying to draw attention to the working conditions of her counterparts in India, reflected on the contrast between how doctors are viewed and treated: “They are either seen as supra-human, or not human at all.”
麻醉医生夏尔玛一直努力让人们关注印度医疗同行的工作环境，她思考了人们如何看待医生和人们如何对待医生之间的割裂：“医生要么被看作是超人，要么完全不是人。”
