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Diagnosis
诊断
Retinoscopy
视网膜检影法
A hand-held device that throws light in the eye and allowing us to observe its movements and reflection, hence helping to confirm the refractive error.
一种手持设备，将光线射入眼睛，让我们观察其运动和反射，从而帮助确认屈光不正。
A-scan
A型扫描
A small ultrasound probe that throws ultrasound waves in the eye ball and then detects their reflections or echo timings, calculating the eye ball length.
一种小型超声波探头，将超声波投进眼球，然后检测其反射或回声计时，计算眼球长度。
Note
注意
At birth all eyes are hyperopic, +2.5 to +3 diopters, i.e. light is focused behind the retina.
出生时所有的眼睛都是远视，+2.5到+3屈光度，即光线集中在视网膜后面。
As the eye ball grows and at about 6-7 years of age eye ball is of normal size and light is now focused on the retina or emmetropic.
随着眼球的生长，在大约6-7岁的时候，眼球的大小是正常的，光线现在集中在视网膜或正视眼上。
In some people, it continues to grow causing myopia or light is focused in front of retina.
有一些人，眼球继续增长，导致近视或光线聚焦在视网膜前面。
Treatment
治疗
Unlike the camera, maximum (2/3rd) focusing in an eye is done by the transparent front part (cornea), while the rest (1/3rd) is done by the lens.
与相机不同，眼睛的最大对焦(2/3)是由透明的前部(角膜)完成的，而其余(1/3)是由晶状体完成的。
So, while treating these patients we have to increase the focusing power of the eye so that the image is formed on the retina instead of behind it.
因此，在治疗这些患者时，我们必须提高眼睛的调焦能力，这样图像就能形成在视网膜上，而不是在视网膜后面。
This can be done by using either a converging lens e.g. non-surgical treatment: Glasses, contact lenses, or some surgical procedure.
这可以通过使用聚透镜来实现，比如非手术治疗：眼镜、隐形眼镜或一些外科操作。
Surgical Treatment
手术治疗
Making the central part of cornea more curved.
使角膜中心部分更弯曲。
This include different methods that were changed and advanced depending upon reduction of side effects and recovery time and improvement of degree of vision.
这包括不同的方法，都是根据副作用的减少、恢复时间和视力的改善而改进的。
PRK, Photorefractive keratectomy: Remove corneal epithelial cells by a solution then use laser to reshape cornea i.e. making it steeper and then apply a bandage contact lens.
PRK，激光光学角膜切削术：用溶液去除角膜上皮细胞，然后用激光重塑角膜，使其更陡，然后眼睛晶状体覆盖绷带恢复。
Side effects include pain and recovery is in 1 week at least.
副作用包括疼痛，至少在1周内恢复。
It corrects 2 Diopter hyperopia.
矫正2屈光度远视。
LASIK, Laser In-situ Keratomileusis: corrects up to 4 Diopter.
LASIK，准分子激光手术，可矫正高达4度的屈光度。
A famous and frequently performed surgery nowadays.
这是一个现在出名的、经常操作的手术。
In this procedure, a device, keratome, slice a flap of cornea, 160 micrometer.
在这个过程中，角膜刀将角膜表层组织切成一个160微米的角膜瓣。
Laser is applied to change the corneal shape and then the flap is repositioned.
使用激光改变角膜形状，然后重新复位。
Advantages
优势
Advantages over other procedures: Absence of post-operative pain, More rapid visual rehabilitation.
与其他手术相比的优势：无术后疼痛，视力恢复更快。
Conductive keratoplasty: it involves giving radiofrequency energy to corneal stroma, causing change in its shape.
传导性角膜成形术：它需要向角膜基质提供射频能量，使其改变形状。
Can correct low to moderate hyperopia.
可矫正中低度远视。
