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Enzymes
酶
Human body is a product of different chemical reactions and processes.
人体是不同化学反应和过程的产物。
But what controls these reactions?
但是，是什么控制了这些反应呢？
In 1833, a French Chemist Anselme Payen, was the first to discover the vital force that drove these reactions and named it “Enzyme”.
1833年，法国化学家安塞姆·佩恩首次发现了驱动这些反应的重要力量，并将其命名为“酶”。
Enzymes are substances, proteins or in some cases ribonucleic acid (RNA), that speed up a biochemical reaction by modifying specific substances called substrates.
酶是一种蛋白质，在某些情况下是核糖核酸(RNA)，它通过改变称为底物的特定物质来加速生化反应。
Enzymes are supremely selective in who they bind to and modify, hence their “specificity”.
酶对它们所结合和修饰的对象具有极高的选择性，因此它们具有“特异性”。
Mode of Action
作用方式
Easier said, but how does a tiny enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?
简单地说就是，一种微小的酶是如何加速化学反应的呢?
The answer to this is simple.
这个问题的答案很简单。
Enzymes perform this critical task by lowering a reaction's activation energy, that is, the amount of energy needed for the reaction to begin.
酶通过降低反应的活化能来完成这一关键任务，活化能即反应开始所需的能量。
Enzymes bind to their substrates, hold them in such that chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more easily.
酶与它们的底物结合，使它们保持在这样的状态，使化学键断裂和键形成过程更容易发生。
Enzymes have a specific place in them called “Active Site” where the substrate binds and real time action takes place.
酶在其中有一个特定的位置，称为“活性位点”，底物在这里结合并实时发生作用。
Active site has a specific size, shape and chemical behavior rendered to it by specific arrangement of amino acids.
活性位点具有特定的大小、形状和由特定的氨基酸排列而产生的化学行为。
Thanks to these amino acids, an enzyme's active site is unique only to a particular substrate.
多亏了这些氨基酸，酶的活性位点对特定的底物是唯一的。
In addition to the active site, many enzymes consist of a non-protein part called “Cofactor”.
除活性位点外，许多酶还包括一个称为“辅因子”的非蛋白部分。
Cofactors may be:
辅因子可能是：
Cations:
阳离子：
Positively charged metal ions (activators), bound temporarily to the active site to “activate” the enzyme.
带正电荷的金属离子(激活剂)，暂时绑定到活性位点以“激活”酶。
Organic molecules: Vitamins or vitamin products (coenzymes), that join enzyme-substrate complex temporarily.
有机分子：暂时结合酶-底物复合体的维生素或维生素产品(辅酶)。
Prosthetic groups: Permanently enzyme bound.
修复组：永久性酶结合组。
Many enzymes only perform their catalytic role when associated a coenzyme.
许多酶只有在与辅酶结合时才起到催化作用。
An in activated enzyme (protein) along with its coenzyme (non-protein) makes up a system called holoenzyme.
一种处于激活状态的酶(蛋白质)和它的辅酶(非蛋白质)一起组成了一个称为全酶的系统。
To add to the complexity, scientists termed this inactivated enzyme as apoenzyme and therefore the equation becomes: Holoenzyme=Apoenzyme+ Coenzyme
为了增加复杂性，科学家们将这种失活的酶称为脱辅酶，因此等式变成：全酶=脱辅酶+辅酶。
