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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin! For over 50 years, humans have been exploring space.
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想！50多年来，人类一直在探索太空。
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite into space, called Sputnik 1.
1957年，苏联发射了世界上第一颗人造卫星，名为伴侣号。
Since then, we've landed on the moon, created the International Space Station, and launched the Hubble Telescope into space.
从那时起，我们登上了月球，创建了国际空间站，并将哈勃望远镜送入太空。
And nowadays, there's talks of sending humans to Mars within the next several decades. But what would a trip like that actually do to the human body?
最近，我们又在讨论，在接下来的几十年里，将人类送上火星。但是这样的旅行对人体有什么影响呢？
Let's jump in our space shuttle and find out! One of the most well-known consequences of space travel is the weakening of bones.
让我们跳上航天飞机，寻找答案！太空旅行最著名的后果之一就是骨骼的衰弱。
Throughout your life, your bones are broken down by large cells called osteoclasts, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
在你的一生中，你的骨头被称为破骨细胞的大细胞分解，将钙释放到血液中。
And at the same time, other cells called osteoblasts make new bone. And for most of your life, these two processes tend to balance each other out.
与此同时，其他被称为造骨细胞的细胞又产生了新的骨骼。在你生命的大部分时间里，这两个过程会互相平衡。
But, that changes when an astronaut goes to space and lives in microgravity.
但是，当宇航员进入太空并生活在微重力环境中时，情况就会发生变化。
That's because their bones don't have to support as much weight and they aren't subjected to the same stresses that they would be on Earth.
这是因为它们的骨头不像在地球上，需要支撑那么多重量，也不会受到地球上那样的压力。
As a result, the calcium in their bones is broken down and released into the bloodstream, reflecting a decrease in bone density.
结果，骨骼中的钙被分解并释放到血液中，也就是骨密度降低。
Some scientists think that's because the body breaks down bones much faster than it builds them up in microgravity.
一些科学家认为，这是因为在微重力环境下人体分解骨骼的速度比产生骨骼的速度要快得多。
And within a single month, an astronaut's bone density can decrease by as much as 1%, which can lead to an increased risk of bone fractures when they return to Earth.
在一个月内，宇航员的骨密度会下降1%，这可能导致他们返回地球时骨折的风险增加。
One small step for man, one possibly dangerous step for a returning astronaut.
对人类来说，这是一小步，对归来的宇航员来说可能是危险的一步。
There's also bad news for an astronaut's muscles, particularly in their legs and back, due to a lack of use.
宇航员的肌肉，尤其是腿部和背部，由于经常不用，也会面临问题。
Exercise can help prevent this, but one study found that even with exercise, muscle volume and strength still decreased.
运动可以预防这种情况，但一项研究发现，即使有运动，肌肉的体积和强度仍然会下降。
Clearly, humans were not made to live in space -- but animations like myself can. I'm finally free from Triangle Bob!
很明显，人类并不是生来就能在太空生活的——但像我这样的动画人是可以的。我终于摆脱了三角鲍伯的束缚!
But the list of negative effects just keeps going ...Without an Earth-like gravity, astronauts can even have vision problems!
但是负面影响还有很多……没有地球上这样的重力，宇航员甚至会出现视力问题！
Researchers studied 27 astronauts who spent an average of 108 days in space and found that around 22 percent of them showed flattening of the back of the eyeball.
研究人员对平均在太空中度过108天的27名宇航员进行了研究，发现其中约22%的人的眼球后部呈扁平状。
And a lot of the optical abnormalities are similar to those found in people with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
很多的光学异常都与特发性颅内高血压患者的光学异常类似。
The heart also changes in space, and not just because that spectacular view of the Earth makes it skip a beat.
心脏也会在太空中发生变化，这不仅仅是因为地球上壮观的景象使它跳过了一拍。
It's actually a lot sadder because an astronaut's heart can potentially lose mass and become slightly more spherical, possibly because of a decrease of blood in the body.
因为宇航员的心脏有可能发生萎缩，变得更加接近球状，这可能是由于体内血液的减少。
And when these astronauts come back to Earth, they might experience a decrease in blood pressure, making them dizzy and even faint after standing up.
当这些宇航员返回地球时，他们可能会血压下降，眩晕，甚至站起来后晕倒。
All of this sure gives you a greater respect for astronauts, huh?
所有这些肯定会让你更尊重宇航员，对吧？
Earlier this year, NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko returned to Earth after a year in space.
今年早些时候，美国国家航空航天局(NASA)宇航员斯科特·凯利(Scott Kelly)和俄罗斯宇航员米哈伊尔·科尔尼年科(Mikhail Kornienko)在太空待了一年之后返回地球。
This mission will help scientists learn even more about how long spaceflight affects the human body.
这项任务将帮助科学家进一步了解太空飞行对人体的影响。
And since Scott Kelly has an identical twin brother who stayed on Earth during that time, scientists can even study genetic changes that may have occurred.
而且，由于斯科特·凯利(Scott Kelly)有一个同卵双胞胎兄弟当时留在地球上，科学家们甚至可以研究可能发生的基因变化。
After all, if we're planning on eventually sending a lot of people to Mars and back, we'll need to know how the trip will affect them and how to prevent these negative changes,
毕竟，如果我们打算最终把很多人送到火星上，我们需要知道这次旅行会如何影响他们，以及如何防止这些负面的变化，and make future space travel a lot safer. Would you be willing to travel to Mars? What if you only had a one-way ticket? Let me know in the comment section below.
让未来的太空旅行更加安全。你愿意去火星旅行吗？如果你只有一张单程票呢？请在评论栏中告诉我。
Hey there, you might have noticed I was wearing a cool shirt in the beginning of this video and I'm wearing it now.
嘿，你可能已经注意到我在这段视频开始时穿着一件很酷的衬衫，现在我也穿着。
I normally don't need clothes because my pixel coding keeps me warm enough. But I was modeling this new Life Noggin head-space shirt.
我通常不需要衣服，因为我的像素编码足够保暖。但我正在为我们节目的这个太空大脑T恤做模特。
That's available for one week only. This is the first time we are doing this in the real world. And every dollar goes to supporting Life Noggin.
只卖一周。这是我们第一次在现实世界中这样做。每一美元都用来支持我们的节目。
It would mean a lot if you check it out. Plus if it looks great on my rock and pixel body, it'll look even better on your human one.
如果你去看看，那对我们很有意义。另外，如果我穿上看起来都很棒，那么在你身上看起来会更好看。
The link to buy this limited run T-shirt is in the description. Thank you so much, guys.
这件限量版t恤的购买链接在描述区中。非常感谢各位。
As always, I'm Blocko and this has been Life Noggin. Don't forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停！
