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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin. I'm lucky enough to live in cyberspace, where the circuits are toasty and you can always get a warm cup of hot chocolate from your loving Motherboard.
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想。我很幸运，生活在网络空间里，电路温暖舒适，还能从你可爱的主板那里拿到一杯热巧克力。
But many of my human friends know these times as that chilly season called Winter.
但我的许多人类朋友都会经历一个寒冷的季节，叫做“冬天”。
You may be able to bundle up in sweaters and roast marshmallows around the fireplace, but what happens to those plants and fish during these cold months?
你也许可以在壁炉旁裹上毛衣，烤棉花糖，但是在寒冷的这几个月里，植物和鱼会经历什么呢？
Well, lucky for our aquatic friends, when the temperature outside falls below the freezing point of water, only the top layers of the lakes or rivers typically freeze.
我们的水生朋友们很幸运，当外面的温度降到冰点以下的时候，湖泊或河流中通常只有最上层会结冰。
Under the frozen layer, the water remains in its liquid state and oxygen is trapped below the ice.
在冰冻层下，水仍然是液态的，氧气集聚在冰下。
This gives fish the environment to survive, but the colder waters and other conditions, like less access to food, cause life below the ice to slow down.这为鱼类提供了生存环境，但水温下降和其他情况，比如食物减少，导致冰层下的生命活动变慢。
Certain species like cod and flatfish have a reduced metabolic rate in these times and produce molecules in their bodily fluids that lower their freezing point so they don't freeze.
某些物种，如鳕鱼和比目鱼，在这些时间内代谢率降低，并且体液中会产生分子，降低冰点，以免结冰。
Just like how you prepare for winter by stocking up on warmer clothes and pumpkin spice lattes, plants also take steps to prepare for the coming cold.
就像你过冬前准备好保暖的衣服和南瓜香料拿铁一样，植物也会为即将到来的严寒做好准备。
You know when you see the leaves changing color in Autumn and it's so beautiful and then they fell off.
你看，秋天树叶变了颜色，如此美丽，然后它们就脱落了。
That's actually part of a process known as abscission, where most deciduous trees shed their leaves after their colors change from a loss of chlorophyll, the chemical that's involved in photosynthesis.
这实际上是“脱落”过程的一部分，在这种过程中，大多数落叶树木的叶子在叶绿素流失后变色，然后脱落，而叶绿素是参与光合作用的化学物质。
With the lack of water and sunlight in the winter months, there's less photosynthesis and eventually less chlorophyll, allowing the leaves' other colors to appear.
由于冬季缺少水和阳光，光合作用变弱，叶绿素减少，叶子出现其他颜色。
But how do plants know that winter is coming? A certain Game of Thrones character must have told them, right?
但是植物怎么知道冬天来了呢？一定是《权力的游戏》中的角色告诉他们的，对吧？
Surely you'd warn the plants when you're played by Sean Bean. That is Game of Thrones reference No. 101.
肖恩·宾扮演的角色，肯定可以警告植物。这是《权力的游戏》第101次出现在我们节目了。
All joking aside, plants have a "stress memory", in that they have the ability to respond more efficiently to a stressor like cold the second time that it's introduced.
抛开玩笑不说，植物有“压力记忆”，因为它们第二次遇到寒冷这样的压力的时候，可以更有效地应对。
Many different environmental stressors have been shown to alter the chromatin and epigenetic marks of plants, providing evidence within their chromosomes that they do indeed have memories of stress.
许多不同的环境压力源已经被证明可以改变植物的染色质和表观遗传标记，这就在染色体内提供了证据，证明它们确实有压力记忆。
This is not downright proof that it must be true, but it does strongly support the theory of plant's stress memory. So once plants are all set up for winter, how do they survive?
这并不能证明它一定是正确的，但它确实有力地支持了植物的压力记忆理论。所以所有的植物都准备好过冬之后，它们是如何生存下来的呢？
Well, there is one big thing that the salads of the world have to worry about more than forks; they need to protect their cells from damaging ice crystals, especially ones that would form inside the cells themselves.
相比叉子，有一件大事更令世界上的沙拉担惊受怕；他们需要保护自己的细胞免受破坏性冰晶的伤害，尤其是那些会在细胞内部形成的冰晶。
Many plants guard against this by using a defense dehydration mechanism. The plants move water out of the cells and into the area between the cells.
许多植物通过防御脱水机制来防止这种情况发生。植物将水从细胞中移出，进入细胞之间的区域。
Intracellular ice formation is generally considered lethal for plants, but ice outside the cell gives it the potential to survive.
通常认为，细胞内的冰形成是对植物的致命威胁，但细胞外的冰给了它活下去的机会。
Some trees also add their own delicious twist to fight winter's freezing. The fluid inside the tree's cell that used to be mainly water is changed to contain far more sugars after dehydration.
一些树有自己的新花样来抵御冬天的严寒。树细胞内的液体过去主要是水，脱水之后，则包含更多的糖。
This sugary sap gives the cells a lower freezing point, further protecting them from that plant bully called Jack Frost. So what are something that you do to help survive the chills of winter?
这种含糖的汁液降低了细胞的冰点，进一步保护它们免受杰克冻人的欺凌。所以你要做什么来熬过寒冷的冬天呢?
Let me know in the comment section below! And if you want to know why you human shiver so much, you should probably check out this video that Life Noggin did on that exact subject.
请在评论区告诉我！如果你想知道为什么你会经常发抖，你应该看看这段视频，这是我们节目专门做的这个主题的视频。
Well, it all starts at the skin, when you are out in the cold, the temperature is detected by cold receptors in the skin.
这一切都是从皮肤开始的，当你处于寒冷的环境中，皮肤上的冷感受器会检测到温度。
I'm Blocko. This has been Life Noggin. Don't forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停！
