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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin! How do the blind perceive the world? How different is it from the way a person with sight does?
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想！盲人如何感知世界呢？与视力正常的人感知世界的方式有什么不同吗？
Let's find out! To begin, there are different levels of blindness we need to be aware of.
让我们来看看！首先，我们需要了解不同程度的失明。
Legal blindness refers to a person's vision being 20/200 or less, with normal vision being 20/20.
法定盲指的是一个人的视力在20/200以下，正常视力是20/20。
A 20/200 vision means you would have to stand 20 feet away from an object to see it as clearly as a person with 20/20 vision could see it from 200 feet.
20/200的视力是指同一个物体，20/20视力的人能从200英尺远的地方看到，你必须站在20英尺远的地方才能看得和他们一样清楚。People can also have partial vision loss, where they experience things such as cloudy or fuzzy images from conditions like cataracts, or lose central vision, but maintain a normal peripheral vision like with macular degeneration.
还有一种部分失明，是指病人会遇到诸如白内障等情况造成的视物模糊，或者失去中心视力，但周边视觉正常，比如黄斑变性。
Total blindness refers to the complete inability to see anything with either eye. But what does that mean for their perception of the world?
完全失明指的是完全看不见任何东西。但这对于他们感知世界意味着什么呢？
While it can be difficult to know what another person experiences, there are different perceptions that have been reported by individuals with total blindness.
感同身受总是有困难的，然而许多完全失明的人描述了对世界千差万别的感知。
One is that a sort of image can still be formed using the other senses, just without any color. And when I say without any color, I mean even black and white.
一种感知是，仍然可以用其他感官来形成图像，只是没有任何颜色。没有任何颜色，是指连黑色和白色都没有。
This was reported where the person was blind from an extremely early age. Another perception is that they might see a bright and colorful landscape of ever-changing light.
做出这种描述的人在很小的时候就失明了。另一种感知是，他们可能会看到明亮多彩的景象，光线变幻莫测。
This view was reported by some people that went blind later in life and still remember what it's like to experience sight.
描述出这种景象的很多都是长大之后失明的，他们还记得视力正常的世界是什么样子的。
So does lacking sight increase other senses? Well, it used to be thought that people without sight would have a stronger sense of smell, but modern evidence seems to prove otherwise.
那么，失明会使其他感官更发达吗？过去人们认为没有视觉的人会有更强烈的嗅觉，但现在的证据似乎推翻了这一点。
Using both subjective and objective testing methods, a German study found no measurable difference between the sense of smell of blind participants and those with sight.
德国的一项研究使用了主观和客观的测试方法，发现参与者中，盲人和视力正常的人的嗅觉之间没有很大的差异。
However, it does seem to ring true that lack of sight leads to a better sense of touch.
然而，失明会使触觉更发达，这一点似乎是对的。
Blindness, especially from birth, has been shown to lead to faster and more sensitive tactile abilities.
已经有证据证明失明，尤其是先天失明，可以使触觉能力更敏锐。
So it looks like Daredevil's incredible sense of balance and acrobatics isn't that far off! When do I get my superhero show? Because I look great in tights.
所以看起来夜魔侠那样惊人的平衡感和跳跃并不那么遥远！我什么时候能有自己的超级英雄表演？我穿紧身裤很好看的。
Some blind individuals have even been able to master echolocation to "see" in their own way.
有些盲人甚至能够以自己的方式掌握回声定位。
Normally reserved for talking about animals like bats and dolphins, echolocation is where echoes and sound waves are used to determine where objects are.
回声定位通常只出现在讨论蝙蝠和海豚等动物的讨论中，是指利用回声和声波来确定物体的位置。
Some people can use this technique by making clicking noises with their tongues to build a spatial representation of the world around them.
有些人可以用舌头发出咔哒声，利用回声定位，来建立他们周围世界的空间表示体系。
Not only can echolocation give people information regarding size, shape, and even texture of objects, but it was recently found that when processing echoes, the brain uses regions typically devoted to vision.
回声定位不仅能给人们提供物体大小、形状甚至纹理的信息。最近有人发现，处理回声时，大脑会启用通常用于视觉的区域。
Maybe our visions are more than just what our eyes tell us? It also seems that people with total blindness still react to light.
也许我们的视觉不只是眼睛看到的？完全失明的人似乎对光线仍有反应。
Our brains can detect light through a photoreceptor in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, which is different from the rods and cones we use to see.
我们的大脑可以通过视网膜神经节细胞层的光感受器检测光，这与我们用来观察的视杆和视锥不同。
A recent study was done where participants with total blindness were able to correctly determine when a blue light was on or off. They also were shown to be more attentive in response to flashing lights.
在最近的一项研究中，完全失明的参与者能够正确地判断出蓝色的灯是开着还是关着的。还有证据表明，他们对闪烁的灯光更加敏感。
Furthering the importance of this, it gives validity to the theory that light stimulates brain activity and gives enhanced performance on cognitive tasks, whether a person is blind or not!
更重要的是，这证实了一个理论：光可以刺激大脑活动，提高认知任务表现，无论失明与否。
I may not have eyes, but I can still see how incredibly cool this is. So we talk about sights, but what about our sense of sound?
我可能没有眼睛，但我仍然能看出来这真的很棒。我们这样谈论视觉，但是我们的听觉呢？
Have you ever wanted to know how we actually hear things? To answer that, first we need to discuss the physics of a sound wave.
你想知道我们是如何听到声音的吗？要回答这个问题，首先我们需要讨论声波的物理性质。
These are longitudinal waves that travel through a medium.
这是通过介质传播的纵波。
Thank you so much for watching. My name is Blocko. This has been Life Noggin. Don't forget to keep on thinking!
感谢观看！我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想！思考不要停！
