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Research in the growing field of space medicine has identified many ways in which zero-gravity and other conditions can affect the human body.
在不断发展的太空医学领域进行的研究已经确定了失重和其他条件可能会影响人体的许多方式。
Now, a new study finds that astronauts are more likely to experience headaches in space than previously known.
如今，一项新的研究发现，宇航员在太空中经历头痛的几率比之前所知的更大。
The study involved 24 astronauts from the U.S., European and Japanese space agencies.
这项研究涉及来自美国、欧洲和日本航天机构的24名宇航员。
They all traveled aboard the International Space Station for up to 26 weeks.
他们都在国际空间站上待了长达26周。
All but two of them reported experiencing headaches in space.
除了两人之外，所有人都报告称在太空中经历过头痛。
Headaches struck a larger number of astronauts than the scientists had expected.
有头痛困扰的宇航员人数比科学家预期的要多。
The headaches continued even after the crew had been in space long enough for the body to adjust.
即使宇航员在太空中待了足够长的时间，身体已经适应了，但头痛仍然存在。
The process takes place in the first two weeks in space.
这一过程发生在进入太空的头两周。
The headaches during the early period often presented similarly to migraines.
早期头痛症状通常类似于偏头痛。
Those experienced later in space travel presented more like a tension headache, the study found.
研究发现，后期太空头痛症状更像是紧张性头痛。
Neurologist WPJ van Oosterhout of Zaans Medical Center and the Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands was lead author of the study.
荷兰扎恩斯医学中心和莱顿大学医学中心的神经学家范·奥斯特豪特是这篇研究论文的主要作者。
He said the research suggests different processes "are involved for the early headache episodes - the first one to two weeks in space - versus later headache episodes."
他说，这项研究表明，“早期头痛发作——在太空中的头一到两周——与后来的头痛发作有不同的过程。”
The study was published this week in the journal Neurology.
这篇研究论文本周发表在《神经学》杂志上。
"In the first week, the body has to adapt to the lack of gravity, known as space adaptation syndrome. This phenomenon is similar to motion sickness, and can cause nausea, vomiting and dizziness, and headaches," Van Oosterhout said.
范·奥斯特豪特说：“在第一周，身体必须适应失重的情况，即所谓的空间适应综合症。这种现象类似于晕动病，会导致恶心、呕吐、头晕和头痛。”
"The later headaches could result from … more fluid accumulating in the upper part of the body and head…."
“后期的头痛可能是由于身体上部和头部积聚了更多的液体所致。”
Migraines experienced on Earth are often throbbing, and last four to seven hours, along with symptoms like nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light and sound, Van Oosterhout said.
范·奥斯特豪特说，在地球上经历的偏头痛通常是阵痛，持续四到七个小时，同时伴有恶心、呕吐和对光和声音敏感等症状。
Tension headaches on Earth usually are a dull pain felt over the whole head, he said.
他说，地球上的紧张性头痛通常是整个头部感到钝痛。
The astronauts, 23 men and one woman, had an average age of about 47.
这些宇航员包括23名男性和1名女性，平均年龄约为47岁。
They visited the International Space Station for missions that took place from November 2011 to June 2018.
他们在2011年11月至2018年6月期间访问了国际空间站执行任务。
A total of 378 headaches were reported by 22 of the 24 astronauts during a total of 3,596 days in orbit.
在总计3596天的在轨飞行中，24名宇航员中有22人报告了378次头痛。
None of the 24 reported headaches in the three months after returning to Earth.
这24名宇航员在返回地球后的三个月内都没有出现头痛的症状。
None had ever had migraines before their time in space and none had a history of usual headache attacks.
在进入太空之前，他们中没有人曾患过偏头痛，也没有人有过常见的头痛发作史。
Documented effects of space travel include bone and muscle weakening, or atrophy, changes in the brain, cardiovascular system and immune system.
记录在案的太空旅行的影响包括骨骼和肌肉的萎缩，大脑、心血管系统和免疫系统的变化。
Astronauts have also experienced effects on the inner ear and a condition involving the eyes.
宇航员的内耳和眼睛也会受到影响。
The risk of cancer from high radiation levels in space is another concern.
太空高辐射引发癌症的风险是另一个令人担忧的问题。
Experts are unsure how much of a barrier these effects might have on human space travel over long periods, like trips to Mars or beyond.
专家们不确定这些影响可能会对人类长时间的太空旅行造成多大的障碍，比如去火星或更远的地方。
"The honest answer is that we don't know the effects of long-duration space travel - possibly years - on the human body," Van Oosterhout said, adding, this "is a clear task for the field of space medicine."
“老实说，我们不知道长时间的太空旅行——可能是几年——对人体的影响，”范·奥斯特豪特说，并补充说，这“是太空医学领域的一项明确任务”。
I'm Dan Novak.
丹·诺瓦克为您播报。
译文为可可英语翻译，未经授权请勿转载！
