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During the first winter of World War 1, French and British soldiers were fiercely battling the Germans.
第一次世界大战的第一个冬天，法国和英国士兵与德国军队激战。
But then, on Christmas Day in 1914, they laid down their arms and came together to celebrate. In fact, they became friends for a few days.
但后来，在1914年圣诞节那天，他们放下武器，聚在一起庆祝。事实上，他们成为了几天的朋友。
So what happened here and where did the violence go? Violence is a trait shared by many animals, including sapients.
那么这里发生了什么，暴力去了哪里？暴力是许多动物（包括智慧生物）共同的特征。
It allows us to protect our territory, hunt for food, or dominate others. But it can come at a great cost. Conflicts often leave physical scars and psychological damage.
它使我们能够保护自己的领土、寻找食物或支配他人。但它的代价是巨大的。冲突往往会留下身体上的伤疤和心理上的伤害。
Aggressive people live a more risky life, tend to have fewer social connections, and are exposed to more stress, all of which impact their well-being.
好斗的人生活风险更大，往往社会联系更少，承受的压力更大，所有这些都会影响他们的幸福感。
In many modern societies violence has lost its appeal. We started innovating, collaborating, and nurturing communities that gave us a sense of belonging.
在许多现代社会中，暴力已经失去了吸引力。我们开始创新、合作和培育给予我们归属感的社区。
So why is violence still around? Some say that humans are violent by design. Robert Sapolsky, a primatologist, developed another theory.
那么为什么暴力仍然存在？有人说，人类天生就具有暴力倾向。灵长类动物学家罗伯特·萨波斯基（Robert Sapolsky）提出了另一种理论。
He spent 33 years following the same troop of wild Baboons in Kenya. Studying these monkeys that share 94% of our genetic code, he made a puzzling observation.
他花了33年时间跟踪肯尼亚的同一群野生狒狒。在研究这些与我们94%基因相同的猴子时，他发现了一个令人费解的现象。
Baboons are primates that organize their behavior around hierarchies. Aggression is the norm.
狒狒是一种灵长类动物，它们的行为按照等级制度进行。攻击性是常态。
Females and "weak" males typically stay home caring for the children, while violent males lead the troop to explore their surroundings.
雌性和“弱”雄性通常待在家里照顾孩子，而暴力雄性则带领狒狒探索周围环境。
At one point, the most aggressive males went out to battle another tribe for some food at a garbage dump, which happened to be the source of a tuberculosis outbreak.
有一次，最具攻击性的雄性在垃圾场与另一个部落争夺食物，而垃圾场恰好是结核病爆发的源头。
As a result, many of these violent baboons got sick, and about half of them died.
结果，许多暴力狒狒生病了，其中约有一半死亡。
The new generation of baboons was then raised by females and more gentle males.
新一代狒狒随后由雌性和更温和的雄性抚养。
As the small ones grew up, they became friendlier and less combative. And just 6 years after the incident, the once violent troop was living in peace.
随着幼崽长大，它们变得更加友好，好斗性也减弱了。事件发生仅6年后，曾经暴力的狒狒群就过上了和平的生活。
During the following years, the troop thrived by collaborating.
在接下来的几年里，狒狒群通过合作茁壮成长。
And even when males from other groups joined the peaceful community, they let go of their aggressive sides and adapted to the new lifestyle.
甚至当其他群体的雄性狒狒加入到这个和平的群体中时，它们也放弃了攻击性，适应了新的生活方式。
As a result, all members exhibited lower levels of stress, were in better health, and had better odds of survival.
因此，所有成员都表现出较低的压力水平，健康状况更好，生存几率也更高。
Sapolsky concluded that in Baboons, violence is not a natural state, but mostly a learned response to the environment they grow up in.
萨波斯基得出结论，狒狒的暴力行为不是自然状态，而主要是对它们成长环境的习得反应。
An idea that also seems to apply to most human behavior. Children observe their parents and imitate what they see at home.
这一观点似乎也适用于大多数人类行为。孩子们观察父母，模仿他们在家里看到的行为。
When abuse is part of daily lives, it is a behavior that they are likely to reproduce later - and pass it on to their children and so on and so forth. But is it really just that?
当虐待成为日常生活的一部分时，它们以后很可能会重现这种行为——并将其传给他们的孩子，以此类推。但事实真的如此吗？
Sapolsky himself later wrote that it’s more complicated: “If we want to make sense of our behavior - all the best, the worst, and everything in between -
萨波斯基本人后来写道，情况更加复杂：“如果我们想理解我们的行为——所有最好的、最坏的以及介于两者之间的一切——
we're not going to get anywhere if we think it can all be explained with one thing, whether it's one part of the brain, one childhood experience, one hormone, one gene, or anything.”
如果我们认为一切都可以用一件事来解释，无论是大脑的一部分、一次童年经历、一种激素、一个基因还是其他任何东西，那我们就无法取得任何进展。”
What do you think? Are we violent by design or is it a learned human behavior? Or is it a mix of the two?
你怎么看？我们的暴力是天生的还是后天习得的人类行为？还是两者兼而有之？
And if it’s mostly learned, is there a way to break the vicious cycle, or does it always need to come to a disaster? Share your thoughts in the comments below!
如果暴力主要是后天习得的，那么有没有办法打破恶性循环，还是它总是需要走向灾难？在下面的评论中分享你的想法！
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如果你喜欢这个视频并希望我们制作更多，请订阅我们的频道或在Patreon上支持我们。
