评论
打印
Unlike normal forms of penalty, which aim to discipline free riders and those who break the rules, antisocial punishment penalizes those who contribute to the welfare of the group.
与旨在惩戒搭便车者和违反规则的人的正常惩罚形式不同，反社会惩罚针对的是那些为群体福祉做出贡献的人。
This counterintuitive twist on justice, where heroes are treated like villains, targets the cooperative and altruistic, creating an environment where generosity and selflessness are discouraged.
这种违反直觉的正义扭曲，将英雄视为恶棍，针对合作和利他主义，创造了一种不鼓励慷慨和无私的环境。
It often happens for five reasons. Social norms define the type of behavior that is accepted in society, and that which is not.
这种情况通常有五个原因。社会规范定义了社会接受的行为类型，以及不接受的行为类型。
Those who deviate too much from these norms, even if they are just trying to help, end up being disliked.
那些偏离这些规范太多的人，即使他们只是想帮忙，最终也会被讨厌。
This is because we tend to see those who conform as "safe" and those who don’t as potentially dangerous.
这是因为我们倾向于将那些顺从的人视为“安全”，而将那些不顺从的人视为潜在危险。
Misinterpretation of intentions can occur when we learn through experience that people who appear nice, often end up hurting us, for example through scams or betrayal.
当我们通过经验了解到那些看起来友善的人往往最终会伤害我们，例如诈骗或背叛时，可能会误解对方的意图。
And so, as a response, we may distrust those who exhibit an unusual level of generosity.
因此，作为回应，我们可能会不信任那些表现得异常慷慨的人。
Then, there is the desire for status. If someone is virtuous and kind, they may indirectly aim to increase their status.
然后，还有对地位的渴望。如果某人品德高尚、心地善良，他们可能会间接地提高自己的地位。
In groups this tends to happen at the expense of others, especially those who seem to be more selfish.
在群体中，这往往以牺牲他人为代价，尤其是牺牲那些看起来更自私的人。
And so, antisocial punishment becomes a strategy to sabotage the altruists and advance oneself. Then there is the threatened self-image.
因此，反社会惩罚成为一种破坏利他主义者并提升自己的策略。然后是自我形象受到威胁。
We tend to see ourselves in the best possible light, but when someone around us acts unusually generous, this self-image is threatened, and we may become resentful.
我们倾向于以最好的方式看待自己，但当我们周围的人表现得异常慷慨时，这种自我形象就会受到威胁，我们可能会心怀怨恨。
For example, When people who eat meat discredit vegetarians it may stem from their perception of being judged, even without any interaction.
例如，当吃肉的人贬低素食者时，这可能是因为他们觉得自己被评判了，即使没有任何互动。
Lastly, we have an inherent need for reciprocity. Being on the receiving end of altruism can create feelings of shame and guilt that we then project onto those who were helpful.
最后，我们天生就需要互惠。接受他人的恩惠会产生羞耻和内疚的感觉，然后会把这种感觉投射到那些乐于助人的人身上。
Which is why well-meaning therapists who offer their services free of charge may see their patients leave unhappy,
这就是为什么好心的治疗师提供免费服务可能会让病人不高兴地离开，
while those who charge at least a token fee can build successful long-term relationships.
而那些至少收取象征性费用的治疗师可以与病人建立长期联系。
A study published in Science in 2008 observed antisocial punishment in 15 countries.
2008年《科学》杂志发表的一项研究观察了15个国家的反社会惩罚。
Results showed that antisocial punishment is stronger in cultures where selfishness is encouraged, in places with high social inequality, and where governments exhibit higher levels of corruption.
结果表明，在鼓励自私的文化、社会不平等程度高的地方以及政府腐败程度较高的地方，反社会惩罚更为严厉。
Now even if it may be in our instinct to punish the altruists, the collective impact of the phenomenon can create a culture of mediocrity, suppress innovation, and ultimately harm the collective well-being.
即使惩罚利他主义者是我们的本能，但这种现象的集体影响可能会造成平庸的文化，抑制创新，最终损害集体福祉。
What are your thoughts? Have you ever been a victim of your good deeds or felt the urge to punish someone who tries to be a better human being? Share your experience in the comments below.
你的观点是什么？你是否曾成为善行的受害者，或者有惩罚那些好人的冲动？在下面的评论中分享你的经验。
