This is THE INDICATOR FROM PLANET MONEY. I'm Darian Woods. I'm Wailin Wong. And it is Jobs Friday.
这里是THE INDICATOR FROM PLANET MONEY。我是Darian Woods。我是Wailin Wong。今天是就业星期五。
It is that time of the month when we don our grease-spattered coveralls, and we inspect the big engine of the economy - workers.
每月的这个时候,我们穿上沾满油污的工作服,检查经济的引擎——工人。
Yes. And the jobs numbers out today were a bit of a disappointment. Jobs growth in the U.S. slowed to 114,000 new jobs in July, and the unemployment rate slid up to 4.3%.
是的。今天公布的就业数据有点令人失望。美国7月份就业增长放缓至114000个新工作岗位,失业率上升至4.3%。
The economy is downshifting its gears. And we can see the share of men with jobs fell slightly, which continues this long-run trend that's mostly been declining since the 1950s.
经济发展正在放缓。我们可以看到,男性就业比例略有下降,这延续了自上世纪50年代以来一直在下降的长期趋势。
That's caused by a number of factors. One is that the U.S. economy has shifted away from providing jobs that have historically had more men, like manufacturing.
这是由多种因素造成的。其一是美国经济已经不再提供历史上需要更多男性的工作,例如制造业。
And the economy has moved more towards fast-growing jobs that have historically had more women, things like social work and nursing.
经济已经转向快速增长的工作,这些工作历来女性较多,如社会工作和护理。
Jobs in these sectors grew in July, and this shift has been painful for many men around the country.
这些行业的就业岗位在7月份有所增加,这种转变让全国许多男性感到痛苦。
But it's not like these industries don't want men. To the contrary. Take social work. Social work organizations are crying out for more men, and a lot of men want jobs. So why aren't they meeting?
但这并不意味着这些行业不需要男性。恰恰相反。以社会工作为例,社会工作组织迫切需要更多的男性,很多男性也想得到工作。那么他们为什么不去面试呢?
Today on the show, getting more men into so-called pink-collar jobs. We learn about a surprising way to encourage men into industries traditionally dominated by women.
今天的节目是关于让更多男性从事所谓的粉领工作。我们了解到一种令人惊讶的方式,可以鼓励男性进入传统上由女性主导的行业。
Anthony Estreet got into social work through one of his fraternity brothers.
Anthony Estreet通过他的一个兄弟会成员进入社会工作行业。
Having a conversation with another male social worker helped me to understand, like, just the broadness of the field and the spaces that we can go into.
与另一位男性社会工作者的交谈帮助我了解了这个领域的广泛性以及我们可以进入的空间。
Anthony realized he could be a mentor or a counselor, or he could work behind the scenes building programs and policies. Anthony's own start in the field was very hands-on and heavy.
Anthony意识到他可以成为一名导师或顾问,也可以在幕后制定计划和政策。Anthony自己在这个领域的起步实践性很强。
My very first job was in an adolescent drug treatment center. That was also the first time that I met a 13-year-old male who was using intravenous heroin.
我的第一份工作是在青少年戒毒中心。那也是我第一次遇到一个13岁的男孩,他正在静脉注射海洛因。
One of the reasons why that young man was engaged in IV heroin use was because of sexual trauma, right?
那个年轻人静脉注射海洛因的原因之一是性创伤。
And it's a - it's sometimes difficult to disclose those types of traumas to maybe a woman social worker or somebody else that you're not connected to.
有时很难向女性社工或其他与你无关的人透露这些创伤。
Years later, though, and the situation is very different. The young man is now an adult and doing well and thriving. And, you know, sometimes, it could be, you know, the great social work skills that were utilized, but it could also be the connection, right?
然而,多年以后,情况就大不相同了。这个年轻人现已成年,过得很好,茁壮成长。有时,这可能是你运用了出色的社会工作技能,但也可能是人际关系,对吧?
Anthony now heads the National Association of Social Workers. He says his organization is trying to attract more men into the profession with a few different initiatives.
Anthony现在是全国社会工作者协会的负责人。他说,他的组织正试图通过一些不同的举措吸引更多男性进入这个行业。
Fellowships and grants to men that want to enter the field, really looking at ways to lower tuition, to make it much more accessible. But then also connecting them to other men in social work.
该组织为想要进入这个领域的男性提供奖学金和补助金,降低学费,降低门槛。但同时也将他们与社会工作中的其他男性联系起来。
Currently, the number of men working in social work isn't high.
目前,从事社会工作的男性人数并不多。
It's about 20%, and it's one of those areas - you know, it's kind of like nursing, where people hear about it - are like, oh, that's a woman's profession. And so they tend to not go in it.
大约只有20%,这有点像护理,这些领域人们一听说就会觉得,哦,这是女性的职业。所以他们往往不会从事这个行业。
This struggle to attract men was something that intrigued Alexia Delfino. She's an assistant professor of economics at Bocconi University. She decided to set up an experiment in the U.K.
这种吸引男性的努力让Alexia Delfino很感兴趣。她是博科尼大学的经济学助理教授。她决定在英国进行一项实验。
Together with employer, we designed and tested new recruitment messages targeted to potential applicants for the job that was offered by their organization.
我们与雇主一起设计并测试了新的招聘信息,针对他们组织所提供职位的潜在申请人。
The organization had a pool of people who indicated vague interest in a social work job. They weren't social work students.
该组织有一群对社会工作不了解但感兴趣的人。他们不是社会工作专业的学生。
They were just people who had entered their email addresses on a website but hadn't formally applied. Training would be provided on the job.
他们只是在网站上输入了电子邮件地址但尚未正式申请。我们将提供在职培训。
And the question was, what would convince more men to take the next step to actually make a formal job application?
问题是,什么能说服更多男性采取下一步行动,正式申请工作?
We decided to randomize the message that they got in their mail inbox. So in their email, they had a message encouraging them to apply for the job, and this message had different contents depending on what we wanted to test.
我们决定对他们收件箱中的信息进行随机化处理。在他们的电子邮件中,有一条鼓励他们申请工作的消息,根据我们想要测试的内容,这条信息的内容也会有所不同。
One group received an email with a photograph of a female social worker. The other group received a photograph of a male worker.
其中一组收到的邮件中附有一张女性社工的照片。另一组收到的是一张男性社工的照片。
And our hypothesis was that seeing a male worker should encourage more men to apply because it weakens the association of the job with women.
我们的假设是,看到男性社工应该会鼓励更多男性应聘,因为这会削弱这份工作与女性的联系。
Alexia also tweaked the email's text. She was interested in this idea that men might think that social work wouldn't recognize their skills or their efforts.
Alexia还调整了电子邮件的文本。她感兴趣的是,男性可能认为社会工作不会认可他们的技能或努力。
So some emails talked about how much of the past years participants had received great feedback from their work.
一些电子邮件谈到了过去几年的男性社工从工作中获得的正向反馈。
One set said that 9 out of 10 got great feedback, and another said that only 7 out of 10 did.
一组说10人中有9人得到了正向反馈,另一组说10人中只有7人得到了正向反馈。
So you've got one group of emails showing many high-performance reviews and another less so.
一组邮件显示了许多高绩效评价,而另一组则显示较少。
Now, both statements were correct, but they were referring to different years in the past.
现在,这两种说法都是正确的,但它们指的是过去的不同年份。
So this was truthful information, but it was selected. So selectively truthful. Yes, exactly.
因此,这是真实的信息,但它是经过选择的。是的,就是这样。
And the result, who actually followed through and applied for the social work job, surprised Alexia.
谁真的坚持下来并申请了社会工作?最终结果让Alexia感到惊讶。
Contrary to my expectations, our main photograph had no impact on men's applications. And so in my setting, a photograph is not worth a thousand words.
与我的预期相反,照片对男性的申请没有影响。所以在我的设定中,一张照片并没有胜过千言万语。
I'm just thinking of all those brochures they send out for colleges and whatever else that... Yes. Show, like, a diverse group of people. It's like, maybe it doesn't matter at all.
我只是在想他们寄给大学的那些小册子和其他什么的......是的。展示一群多元化的人。也许这根本无关紧要。
It doesn't seem to be for men going into these industries, no. But there was part of the experiment that did work. And that was with the text.
似乎对进入这些行业的男性来说并不重要。但有一部分实验确实有效。那就是文本。
Fourteen percent more men applied when they were told that there were fewer people receiving high-performance evaluations.
当被告知获得高绩效评估的人更少时,申请的男性增加了14%。
Telling men that the job is more challenging, and there are higher rewards to talent encourages more applications. That's so interesting. Yes.
告诉男性这份工作更具挑战性,对人才有更高的回报,会鼓励更多的人申请。这太有趣了。是的。
Telling them that the job is harder is going to result in more men applying.
告诉他们这份工作更难,会导致更多的男性申请。
Yes, exactly. That's the idea. And this goes against men's priors that are uncertain but also pessimistic about the potential rewards that their talent can get on the job.
是的,没错。这与男性先入为主的观念背道而驰,他们不确定对自己的才能在工作中可能获得的回报既不确定,也很悲观。
You know, Darian, you tell me a job is hard, I'm going to run away from it - look for an easier job to apply for.
Darian,如果你告诉我一份工作很难,我就会逃避,找一份更容易申请的工作。
Yeah, mileage may vary on different people. But, you know, if you think about college acceptance rates, like, they're proud of how few people get accepted. And some people actually seek that out.
是的,情况因人而异。但是,如果你想想大学录取率,他们为录取人数如此之少而感到自豪。有些人确实在追求这个。
Yeah. I mean, I think that's what is coming up in Alexia's research, right? Because she spoke to some men about social work. They had been a little wary about social work.
是的。我认为这就是Alexia的研究中得出的结论,对吧?因为她和一些男人谈过社会工作。他们对社会工作有点谨慎。
They thought it might not recognize their skills or their hard work. But then, you know, showing that this is not a profession where everyone gets an A - it's actually really hard - was actually a good thing for these guys.
他们认为社会工作可能不会认可他们的技能或辛勤工作。但是,表明这不是每个人都能得到A的职业,它实际上非常困难,对这些人来说实际上是一件好事。
These messages seem to be effective strategies to enhance the diversity in female-dominated jobs.
这些信息似乎是增强女性主导工作多样性的有效策略。
The stakes are high. Here in the U.S., the surgeon general says mental health is the defining public health crisis of our time. More and more men are seeking out help.
风险很高。在美国,卫生局局长表示,心理健康是我们这个时代的决定性公共卫生危机。越来越多的男性正在寻求帮助。
Another social worker I spoke to, Marcus Burrow (ph), said talking to someone who shares the same shared background can be helpful, not just gender but also race and ethnicity.
我采访的另一位社工马库斯·伯罗(Marcus Burrow)说,与有相同背景的人交谈会很有帮助,不仅是性别,还有种族和民族。
I do get a lot of calls from a lot of Black men. And from my experience, it's been very helpful for them, even explicitly letting me know that I'm glad that you were on the other line, that you took the call and was able to sort of help me navigate this.
我确实接到了很多黑人男性打来的电话。从我的经验来看,这对他们很有帮助,甚至明确地告诉我:我很高兴你接了电话,能够帮助我解决这个问题。
And Marcus says needing more male social workers isn't at the expense of women, who, in a lot of ways, built the profession.
马库斯说,需要更多的男性社工并不是以牺牲女性为代价的,从很多方面来说,女性是开辟这一行业的人。
Still, big up to the women, you know? They do great work as well, and we need them. But we absolutely do need more men.
不过,我们还是要向女性致敬,她们也做得很好,我们需要她们。但我们绝对需要更多的男性。
Yeah. And hopefully, this could be a virtuous circle. I don't know. Just tell them it's really hard. Yeah. If there's one thing I've learned from this episode.
是的。希望这能形成一个良性循环。我不知道。告诉他们这真的很难。是的。这就是我从这一集中学到的。
Exactly. Don't worry about the stock photos of diverse crowds. What's important is to drill down 'cause you're going to suffer.
没错。不要担心各种人群的库存照片。重要的是深入研究,因为你会受苦。
Or at least it's going to be harder than you think. Now, we did another episode on the huge demand for social workers last year. We'll have a link to that in our show notes.
或者至少这会比你想象的更难。我们去年又做了一集关于社工需求巨大的节目。我们将在节目笔记中提供该节目的链接。