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We travel back to Egypt in the 2700 B.C. bish
我们回到了公元前2700年的埃及
The first two dynasties of pharaohs got this ancient civilization through growing pains known as the early domestic period, which saw the unification of the two lands of Egypt through war.
前两个法老王朝经历了被称为早期国内时期的发展痛苦，通过战争实现了埃及的两个国家的统一。
The innovation of the hieroglyphic writing system and the emergence of Memphis as the new seat of power.
象形文字系统的革新以及孟菲斯市作为新的权力中心的出现。
Now it was time to make way for the old kingdom,
现在是时候让位给旧王国了，
a new era that marked the beginning of Egypt's first golden age.
一个新时代标志着埃及第一个黄金时代的开始。
and some would argue the best of the bunch.
有些人会认为这是最好的时代。
It started with the third dynasty a seven decade period that saw the emergence of many of the elements which made Egypt unique and still fascinate us today almost five thousand years later.
它始于第三王朝，在长达七十年的时间里，埃及出现了许多独特的元素，这些元素使埃及在五千年后的今天仍然吸引着我们。
The culture, the unique art style, the pantheon of gods, and of course, the eternal pyramids, they come from the old kingdom.
文化，独特的艺术风格，万神殿，当然还有永恒的金字塔，它们都来自这个古老的王国。
In a somewhat unusual move, we're starting out with the main event as it were.
有点不寻常的是，我们将从主要事件开始。
Because Djoser was undoubtedly the most significant pharaoh of the third dynasty.
因为乔塞尔无疑是第三王朝最重要的法老。
So what made him so important ?
那么，是什么让他如此重要呢?
Well, that's easy. His pyramid at Sakqqara, the necropolis outside the ancient capital of Memphis.
嗯,那很简单。 他的金字塔位于塞卡拉，古代首都孟斐斯外的墓地。
It was the first pyramid of Egypt. In fact, it's still the oldest surviving pyramid in the world.
它是埃及的第一座金字塔。 事实上，它仍然是世界上现存最古老的金字塔。
Djoser began his reign sometime around the early 2600s B.C., succeeding in Kha-sekh-emwy, the final ruler of the second dynasty.
乔塞尔大约在公元前2600年早期开始他的统治，接任第二个王朝的最后一位统治者卡塞凯姆威。
The circumstances are a little murky, but the likeliest scenario was that Djoser was his son with queen conult Nimaathap.
情况有点模糊，但最有可能的情况是乔塞尔是他和王后顾问尼玛厄萨普的儿子。
Now you might be wondering why her father and son would be classified in separate dynasties and you can blame Manetho for that one.
现在你可能想知道为什么她的父亲和儿子会被划分为不同的朝代，你可以责怪曼内托。
If that name sounds vaguely familiar that's because we mentioned him in most of our other videos on ancient Egypt.
如果这个名字听起来有点熟悉，那是因为我们在其他关于古埃及的视频中都提到过他。
He was a priest and historian from the 3rd century bc who wrote the age of Aegyptiaca, possibly as an Egyptian counterpart to Herodotus and his chronicles,although it has not survived in its entirety.
他是公元前3世纪的一名牧师和历史学家，他写了《埃及史》，可能是希罗多德和他的编年史在埃及的翻版, 虽然它没有完整地保存下来。
The Aegyptiaca was a history of Egypt that included a chronological rundown of all the pharaohs up until that point which he grouped into 30 dynasties
《埃及记》是一部关于埃及的历史，其中包括了到那时为止所有法老的编年史，他将这些法老划分为30个朝代
Modern historians realized they needed some classification system for all of these dusty mummified pharaohs.
现代历史学家意识到，他们需要为所有这些尘土飞扬的木乃伊法老建立一个分类系统。
So they adopted beneath those divisions since he'd already done all the hard work even if some dividing lines between dynasties seem just a little bit random.
所以他们采用了这些划分，因为他已经完成了所有艰苦的工作，尽管王朝之间的划分看起来有点随意。
Starting with Djoser is the most commonly accepted version, but truth be told we are stumbling around in the dark a bit.
从乔塞尔开始是最普遍接受的版本，但说实话，我们是在黑暗中跌跌撞撞。
By that, we mean that Djoser might not have been the first pharaoh, after all, according to some scholars.
我们的意思是，根据一些学者的说法，乔塞尔可能毕竟不是第一个法老。
There are several surviving artifacts such as the Abydos King List, the Saqqara Tablet and the Turin King List that egyptologists rely on to establish the timeline of the pharaohs.
有几件现存的文物，如阿拜多斯王表，塞加拉石碑和都林王名表，埃及古物学家依靠这些来建立法老的时间表。
They all name the rulers in chronological order and literally no two are the same.
他们都按照时间顺序命名统治者，没有两个统治者是完全相同的。
Sometimes the order is different, sometimes the names are different. some mention five pharaohs in the third dynasty, others only four.
有时顺序不同，有时名称不同。 有人提到第三王朝有五位法老，也有人只提到四位。
It's all a big jumble that egyptologists have been trying to untangle for centuries.
这些都是埃及古物学家几个世纪以来一直试图理清的混乱。
But there are still gaps wide enough that you could park an affordable family-sized sedan in them especially when talking about the earliest dynasties.
但仍有足够大的差距，你可以停一辆负担得起的家庭大小的轿车，特别是当谈到最早的朝代。
Now it seems Djoser inherited quite a wealthy and thriving kingdom.
现在看来，乔塞尔继承了一个富足繁荣的王国。
He was able to enact multiple ambitious and expensive projects during his reign which lasted between two and three decades.
在他持续二三十年的统治期间，他能够制定多个雄心勃勃和昂贵的项目。
We have limited info on his military career but it seems that his main concern was to strengthen Egypt's borders, although he didn't shy away from the occasional scuffle with his neighbors.
我们对他的军事生涯了解有限，但似乎他主要关心的是加强埃及的边境，尽管他也不回避与邻国偶尔发生的冲突。
During his reign, Djoser expanded his borders both to the East, into the Sinai region and to the west into Libya, securing Egypt's position as a dominant regional force during its early history.
在他的统治期间，乔塞尔将他的边界向东扩展到西奈地区，向西扩展到利比亚，确保了埃及在其早期历史上作为地区主导力量的地位。
One historian said that Djoser's time as pharaoh was defined by "the construction of architectural monuments, agricultural developments trade and the rise of cities."
一位历史学家说，乔塞尔作为法老的时代被定义为“建筑纪念碑的建造、农业发展、贸易和城市的崛起”。
His greatest passion was to build stuff and we're not just talking about his pyramid.
他最大的热情是建造东西，我们说的不仅仅是他的金字塔。
Djoser constructed many temples including one that stopped a deadly famine that was withering away his entire kingdom.
乔塞尔建造了许多寺庙，其中一座寺庙阻止了一场致命的饥荒，这场饥荒正吞噬着他的整个王国。
This story has survived through the ages thanks to the appropriately named Famine Stela, a inscription found on Sehel Island near the city of Aswan, once the main southern frontier of Egypt.
这个故事被流传了下来，这要归功于一个命名为“饥荒石碑”的碑文，它发现于阿斯旺市附近的萨赫勒岛，曾经是埃及南部的主要边境。
Sure, it was made during the Ptolemaic dynasty which was 2500 years after Djoser, but, well, let's go with it anyway.
当然，它是在托勒密王朝制作的，比乔塞尔的王朝晚2500年，但是，好吧，我们继续。
According to the Stela, a severe drought caused seven years of famine in egypt during Djoser's reign.
据石碑记载，乔塞尔在位期间，埃及发生了严重的干旱，导致了长达七年的饥荒。
children cried, youngsters fell. The hearts of the old were grieving... Courtiers were needy, Temples were shut, Shrines covered with dust,everyone was in distress.
孩子们哭着，年轻人倒下了。老人内心悲伤…… 朝臣穷困潦倒，庙宇关闭，神龛尘封，每个人都陷入困境。
