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MANAGEMENT OF DEAF CHILD
聋哑儿童的管理
It is essential to know the degree and type of hearing loss.
了解听力损失的程度和类型是很重要的。
Aims of rehabilitation of any hearing-impaired child are development of speech and language, adjustment in society and useful employment in a vocation.
任何听障儿童康复的目的都是为了语言能力的发展、适应社会并有效就业。
1.Parental Guidance
对父母的指导
It is a great emotional shock for parents to learn that their child is deaf.
得知他们的孩子有听障问题，在感情上对父母来说是一个巨大的冲击。
They should be dealt with sympathetically, so as to accept the child.
应该富有同情心地对待他们，以便接纳这个孩子。
They should be told of child's disability and how to care for it.
应该告诉他们孩子有残疾，以及如何照顾。
Rehabilitation of the deaf demands a lot from parents: care and periodic replacement of hearing aid, change of ear moulds as child grows, follow up visits for reevaluation, education at home and the selection of vocation.
听障儿童的康复对父母的要求很高：照顾孩子、定期更换助听器，随着孩子的成长更换耳模，随访复评，家庭教育和职业选择。
2.Hearing Aids
助听器
Most deaf children have a small but useful portion of residual hearing which can be exploited by amplification of sound.
大部分聋哑儿童会有一点点听力能力，可以通过放大声音来利用。
Hearing aids should be prescribed as early as possible.
应尽早使用助听器。
If necessary, binaural aids, one for each ear, can be used.
如果有必要，可以使用双耳助听器，每只耳朵一个。
Hearing aids help to develop lip-reading also.
助听器也有助于培养唇读能力。
3.Development of Speech and Language
语言的发展
Communication is a two way process, depending on the receptive and expressive skills.
交际是一个双向的过程，取决于接受能力和表达能力。
Reception of information is through visual, auditory, or tactile faculties while expression is through oral or written speech or the manual sign language.
信息的接收是通过视觉、听觉或触觉能力，而表达则是通过口头或书面语言或手语。
In the hearing-impaired, auditory faculty is poor or totally absent.
听障人士的听觉能力很差或完全没有听觉能力。
Thus, for proper communication, there is need either to improve hearing through amplification of the residual hearing or cochlear implants and in the absence of feasibility of developing the auditory faculty, to develop visual or tactile means of communication.
因此，为了正确的沟通，需要通过放大残余听力或植入人工耳蜗来改善听力，在缺乏发展听觉能力的可行性的情况下，需要发展视觉或触觉沟通方式。
(a) Auditory Oral Communication: This is the method used by a normal person and is the best way of communication.
（a）听觉口语交际：这是正常人使用的方法，也是最好的沟通方式。
In the deaf, it can be used in those with moderate to severe hearing loss or those who are post-lingually deaf.
对于聋哑人，它可以用于中度到重度听力损失的人或语言后失聪的人。
Hearing aids are provided to augment auditory reception.
提供助听器以增强听觉接收。
At the same time, training is also imparted in speech reading, i.e. to read movements of lips, face and natural gestures of hand and body.
同时，在语音阅读方面也进行了训练，即读懂嘴唇、面部的动作以及手和身体的自然手势。
Expressive skill is encouraged through oral speech.
通过口头演讲来提高表达能力。
(b) Manual Communication: It makes use of the sign language.
（b）手语：手语是利用手势进行沟通的。
(c) Total Communication: It uses all modalities of sensory input, i.e. auditory, visual etc.
综合沟通法：使用所有形式的感觉输入，即听觉、视觉等。
Such children are taught to develop oral speech, lip-reading and sign language.
这些孩子被教导发展口语、唇读和手语。
All children with pre-lingual severe to profound deafness, should undergo training in this form of communication.
所有语前重度至深度耳聋的儿童，都应该接受这种交流形式的训练。
4.Education of the Deaf: There are residential and day schools for the deaf.
4.聋哑儿童的教育：有专门为聋哑儿童提供的寄宿和走读学校。
Some deaf children with moderate hearing loss can be integrated into schools for the normal children with preferential seating in the class; giving them benches closer to teachers, so that they can hear the teacher louder.
一些中度听力损失的聋哑儿童可以融入正常儿童学校，在班级中优先安排座位；让他们坐在离老师更近的地方，这样他们就可以听到老师更大的声音。
5.Vocational Guidance: The deaf are sincere and good workers.
5.职业指导：聋哑人是真诚的优秀员工。
Given the opportunity, commensurate with their ability, they can be usefully employed in several vocations.
如果有机会，根据他们的能力，他们可以有效地从事多种职业。
