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MANAGEMENT OF DEAF CHILD
聋哑儿童的管理
Who are deaf children and why should they be identified early?
哪些孩子是聋哑儿童？为什么要及早发现他们？
Children with profound (greater than 90 decibel hearing loss) or total deafness fail to develop speech and have often been termed as deaf and mute or deaf and dumb.
严重失聪（大于90分贝听力损失）或全聋的儿童不能发展语言，经常被称为聋哑人。
However, these children have no defect in their speech producing apparatus.
然而，这些儿童的语言产生系统并没有缺陷。
The main defect is deafness.
主要缺陷是耳聋。
They have never heard speech and therefore do not develop it.
他们从未听过别人说话，因此不会说话。
In lesser degrees of hearing loss, speech does develop but it is defective.
在听力损失程度较轻的情况下，语言确实会发育，但它是有缺陷的。
The period from birth to 5 years of life is critical for the development of speech and language.
从出生到5岁是语言发展的关键时期。
Therefore, there is need for early identification and of hearing loss and early rehabilitation in infants and children.
因此，有必要对婴幼儿听力损失进行早期鉴定和早期康复治疗。
It was observed that children whose hearing loss was observed and managed before 6 months of age had higher scores of vocabulary, better expressive and comprehensive language skills than those diagnosed and managed after 6 months of age, emphasizing the importance of early identification and treatment.
据观察，月龄在6个月前观察和处理听力损失的儿童比6个月后诊断和处理听力损失的儿童在词汇、表达和综合语言能力方面得分更高，这也体现了早期鉴定和治疗的重要性。
Assessment of auditory function in neonates, infants and children demands special techniques.
评估新生儿、婴幼儿和儿童的听觉功能需要特殊的技术。
(a) Screening procedures: They are employed to test hearing in "high risk" infants and are based on infant's behavioral response to the sound signal.
（a）筛查步骤，通常用来测试“高危”婴儿的听力，并根据婴儿对声音信号的行为反应进行测试。
- Arousal test: A high frequency narrow band noise is presented for 2 seconds to the infant when he is in light sleep.
唤醒测试：当婴儿处于浅睡眠状态时，向婴儿呈现两秒的高频窄带噪音。
A normal hearing infant can be aroused twice when three such stimuli are presented to him.
一个听力正常的婴儿在三次这样的刺激面前可以被唤醒两次。
- Auditory response cradle is a screening device for newborns, where baby is placed in a cradle and his behaviour, including trunk and limb movement, head jerk and respiration in response to auditory stimulation are monitored by transducers.
听觉反应摇篮是一种新生儿筛查设备，婴儿被放在摇篮中，他的行为，包括躯干和肢体的运动、头部抖动和呼吸对听觉刺激的反应都由传感器监测。
It can screen babies with moderate, severe or profound hearing loss.
它对中度、重度或重度听力损失的婴儿都可以进行筛查。
(b) Behaviour Observation Audiometry: Auditory signal presented to an infant produces a change in behaviour, e.g. Alerting, cessation of an activity, widening of eyes or facial grimacing.
（b）行为观察力测定：呈现给婴儿的听觉信号会使其行为发生变化，例如发生警觉、停止某项活动、睁大眼睛或做鬼脸。
Moro's reflex is one of them and consists of sudden movement of limbs and extension of head in response to sound of 80-90 decibel.
摩罗反射就是其中之一，它包括在听到80-90分贝的声音时四肢的突然运动和头部的伸展。
In cochleopalpebral reflex, the child responds by a blink to a loud sound.
在耳蜗-眼睑反射中，孩子对响亮的声音会做出眨眼反应。
In cessation reflex, an infant stops activity or starts crying in response to a sound of 90 decibel.
在停止反射中，婴儿在听到90分贝的声音时会停止活动或开始哭泣。
(c) Distraction techniques are used in children 6-7 months old.
（c）分散注意力的技术用于6-7个月大的儿童。
The child at this age turns his head to locate the source of sound.
这个年龄的孩子会转过头去找声音的来源。
In this test, the child is seated in his mother's lap.
在这次测试中，孩子坐在母亲的腿上。
An assistant distracts the child's attention while the examiner produces a sound from behind or from the side to see if the child tries to locate it.
当考官从后面或侧面发出声音时，一个助手负责分散孩子的注意力，看孩子是否试图定位。
(d) Conditioning Techniques Examples of this technique include: - Play Audiometry: the child is conditioned to perform act such as putting a plastic block in a bucket each time the child hears a sound signal.
（d）调节技术，这种技术的例子包括：游戏听力测试，当孩子每次听到声音信号时，他就习惯性地做一些动作，比如把一个塑料块放在一个桶里。
Each correct performance of the act is reinforced with praise, encouragement or reward.
每一次正确的表现都会受到表扬、鼓励或奖励。
- Speech Audiometry: the child is asked to repeat the names of certain objects or to point them out on the pictures.
言语测听，要求孩子重复某些物体的名称或在图片上指出它们。
The voice can be gradually lowered.
声音可以逐渐降低。
In this way, hearing level and speech discrimination can be tested.
通过这种方式，可以测试听力水平和言语辨别能力。
The test can also be used to examine the child's expressive ability when he is asked to name the toys like horse, duck or objects like cup, plate, etc.
当孩子被要求说出马、鸭子等玩具或杯子、盘子等物体的名字时，这项测试也可以用来检验孩子的表达能力。
(e) Objective Tests: these tests are ideal for hearing assessment in children as they give results without the need of cooperation of child.
（e）客观测试：这些测试是儿童听力评估的理想选择，因为它们无需儿童配合即可得出结果。
Names of Objective Tests include: 1) Evoked response audiometry 2) Otoacoustic emissions 3) Impedance audiometry
客观测试的名称包括：1）诱发反应测听；2）耳声发射检测；3）阻抗测听
