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WHAT IS SINUSITIS?
什么是鼻窦炎？
Before we can answer that question, we should talk a little bit about anatomy.
在我们回答这个问题之前，我们先谈谈解剖学。
Sinuses are hollow spaces in the bones around the nose that connect to the nose through small, narrow channels.
鼻窦是鼻子周围骨骼的中空空间，通过狭窄的通道与鼻子相连。
Humans possess four paired paranasal sinuses.
人拥有四对鼻窦。
Your cheekbones hold your maxillary sinuses, the largest.
你的颧骨支撑着你的上颌窦，这是最大的。
The low-center of your forehead is where your frontal sinuses are located.
额头的低位中心就是额窦所在的位置。
Between your eyes are your ethmoid sinuses.
你的双眼之间是你的筛窦。
In bones behind your nose are your sphenoid sinuses.
在你鼻子后面的骨头里是你的蝶窦。
They’re lined with soft, pink tissue called mucosa.
蝶窦里面有一层柔软的粉红色组织，叫做粘膜。
Sinusitis means your sinuses are inflamed.
鼻窦炎意味着你的鼻窦发炎了。
What causes sinusitis?
什么导致了鼻窦炎？
98 percent of sinusitis occur due to viral infection.
98%的鼻窦炎是由病毒感染引起的。
It can also be caused by bacterial infection;while small population can have itdue to fungal disease.
它也可能是由细菌感染引起的；而少数人可能是由于真菌疾病引起的。
There are some predisposing factors that make it more likely that you get sinusitis, including- Allergic rhinitis, which makes it easier for infection to occur.
有一些诱发因素可能会让感染更容易发生，让你更有可能得鼻窦炎，包括过敏性鼻炎。
- Exposure to smoke or cigarette smoking.
暴露在烟雾环境中或吸烟。
- Anatomical abnormalities which make it difficult for sinuses to drain.
解剖异常，使鼻窦难以引流。
The central event in sinusitis is blockage of the sinus openings or ostia, as a result of inflammation.
鼻窦炎的主要症状是由炎症引起鼻窦开口或窦口阻塞。
Unable to circulate air and eliminate the secretions that are produced, obstructed sinuses become an ideal environment for bacterial infection.
由于不能流通空气和清除产生的分泌物，阻塞的鼻窦成为细菌感染的理想环境。
Types of Sinusitis
鼻窦炎类型
Types of sinusitis include: - Acute Sinusitis, which lasts up to 4 weeks.
鼻窦炎的类型包括：急性鼻窦炎，持续时间长达4周。
- Subacute Sinusitis, which lasts 4 to 12 weeks.
亚急性鼻窦炎，持续4至12周。
- Chronic Sinusitis, which lasts more than 12 weeks and can continue for months or even years.
慢性鼻窦炎，持续12周以上，可持续数月甚至数年。
- Recurrent Sinusitis, with several attacks within a year.
复发性鼻窦炎，一年内多次发作。
What are the signs and symptoms of sinusitis?
鼻窦炎的症状和体征是什么？
First thing that most people notice is going to be pain.
大多数人注意到的第一件事就是疼痛。
The pain may be localized to the sinus involvedor it can also cause generalized pain which may present as headache.
疼痛可能体现在鼻窦，也可能引起全身疼痛，表现为头痛。
If you tap on the sinus involved with finger, it can produce tenderness.
如果你用手指轻拍鼻窦，会产生压痛。
Also, since the mucosa is inflammed, it will produce lots of mucus, which is going to drain into the nasal cavity through sinus openings or ostia.
此外，由于粘膜发炎，会产生大量粘液，这些粘液将通过鼻窦口或鼻孔流入鼻腔。
Once in the nasal cavity, there is only two things it can do.
一旦进入鼻腔，它只能做两件事。
First thing is to come out of your noseso people will notice nasal discharge.
第一件事是从你的鼻子里出来，所以人们会注意到鼻分泌物。
The second thing it can do is go to back of your throatas the back of your noseis related to back of your throat and there it causes irritation and cause you to cough.
它可以做的第二件事是进入你的喉咙后部，因为鼻子后部与喉咙后部相通，喉咙后部会引起刺激并导致咳嗽。
Inflammation of mucosa can also alter the smell and taste of things.
粘膜炎症也会改变食物的气味和味道。
Patients can also have fever because of the infection and inflammation.
患者也可能因为感染和炎症而发烧。
How can we diagnose sinusitis?
我们如何诊断鼻窦炎？
By and large the diagnosis of sinusitis is made by symptoms alone.
一般来说，鼻窦炎的诊断仅凭症状。
Common symptoms include: - Nasal or post nasal drip- Sinus pain or pressure- Nasal congestion- Decreased ability to smell- Cough- Headache and fever.
常见症状包括：鼻或后鼻滴涕，鼻腔疼痛或有压迫感，鼻塞，嗅觉能力下降，咳嗽，头痛和发烧。
But sometimes the symptoms aren't clear cut.
但有时症状并不明显。
In that case, there are some other teststhat can be done to diagnose.
在这种情况下，还可以做一些其他的测试来诊断。
Sometimes a medical practitioner will take a look inside your noseto get a better look at nasalor post nasal drip.
有时，医生会检查你的鼻子内部，以便更好地观察鼻腔或鼻液倒流的情况。
This is called Rhinoscopy.
这叫做鼻镜检查。
X-rays can be done to visualize sinuses.
可以做X光检查鼻窦。
The gold standard to diagnose is CT scan.
CT扫描是诊断的王牌武器。
Other tests are only done if needed in special circumstances.
其他测试只有在特殊情况下才会进行。
How can we treat sinusitis?
我们如何治疗鼻窦炎？
For acute viral sinusitis, the most common type of sinusitis, there is not a lot we can do to actually treat the disease itself, but we can treat symptoms.
对于最常见的鼻窦炎类型——急性病毒性鼻窦炎，我们可以做的并不多，实际上我们做的并不是治疗这种疾病本身，但我们可以治疗症状。
One of the first drugs to treat symptomsis going to be nasal decongestants.
治疗症状的首批药物之一将是鼻血管收缩药物。
These medications shrink swollen nasal passages, facilitating the flow of drainage from the sinuses.
这些药物缩小肿胀的鼻腔通道，促进鼻窦引流。
We also give mucolytics medications which help clear mucus.
我们也会用粘液溶解的药物来帮助清除粘液。
We also ask the patient to remain well hydrated, as being well hydrated helps in drainage of mucusas mucus formed is not so sticky that it gets stuck in if your body is well hydrated.
我们还要求患者保持充足的水分，因为充足的水分有助于排出粘液，这样形成的粘液不会太粘，如果你的身体水分充足，粘液就不会粘在里面。
Finally, we also give pain killers to help relieve the pain.
最后，我们也会用止痛药来帮助减轻疼痛。
For acute bacterial sinusitis, we give all of the above plus antibiotics for 10-14 days.
对于急性细菌性鼻窦炎，我们给予上述所有操作，外加抗生素10-14天。
For chronic sinusitis, again all of the above but the antibiotics have to be given for a lot longer period.
对于慢性鼻窦炎，同样是上述所有方法，但抗生素的使用时间要长得多。
Most people recommend 4-6 weeks of antibiotics.
大多数人建议服用4-6周的抗生素。
If the sinusitis is too severe and the person is at risk of complications, we go for surgery.
如果鼻窦炎太严重，患者有并发症的风险，我们就会进行手术。
Surgery may be done to remove small amounts of bone or other material blocking the sinus openings or to remove growths blocking sinuses, also called as polyps.
手术可以移除少量阻塞鼻窦开口的骨头或其他物质，或移除阻塞鼻窦的生长物，也称为息肉。
Normally, a thin, lighted tool called an endoscope is inserted through the noseso the doctor can see and remove whatever is blocking the sinuses.
通常情况下，薄的可以发光的内窥镜通过鼻腔插入，医生就可以看到并清除阻塞鼻窦的任何东西。
