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The challenge begins with how to pronounce his name. The first bit should sound like 'Knee', the second like 'cha' Knee – cha.
我们首先遇到的挑战是：他的名字该如何发音？前半该唸成“Knee”，后半该唸成“cha” “Knee – cha”
Then we need to get past some of his extraordinary and provocative statements: What doesn't kill me makes me stronger'
接着，我们需要知道一些他非凡且充满挑衅的格言：“那些杀不死我的，会让我更坚强。”
God is dead! And we have killed him.' And his large moustache.
“上帝已死！是我们谋杀了他。” 还有他浓密的小胡子。
But when we do, we'll discover a thinker who is intermittently enchanting, wise and very helpful.
不过，如果深入了解，我们会发现他是个 时而令人喜爱、充满智慧、而且对我们非常有帮助的思想家。
Friedrich Nietzsche was born in 1844 in a quiet village in the eastern part of Germany where his father was the priest.
弗里德里希·尼采，1844年出生于德国东部一个安静的小镇 他的父亲是当地的牧师。
He did exceptionally well at school and university and so excelled at ancient Greek that he was made a professor at the University of Basel when still only in his mid-twenties.
他在学校的成绩极好，而且非常擅长古希腊文，因此在而后成为巴塞尔大学的古典语文学教授，而他当时才24岁。
But his official career didn't work out.
但他的职业生涯并不顺利。
He got fed up with his fellow academics, gave up his job and moved to Sils Maria in the Swiss alps where he lived quietly, working on his masterpieces,
受够了他的学术圈同事，他放弃了工作，搬到瑞士阿尔卑斯山的锡尔斯玛利亚，在那里过着安静的生活、进行写作。
among them: The Birth of Tragedy, Human, All Too Human, The Gay Science, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, On the Genealogy of Morals,
他的著作包括：《悲剧的诞生》、《人性的，太人性的》、《快乐的科学》、《查拉图斯特拉如是说》、《善恶的彼岸》、《道德系谱学》
He had lots of problems: - he didn't get on with his family:
他也有很多问题 ，例如他与家人并不和睦，
I don't like my mother and it's painful even for me to hear my sister's voice.'- women kept rejecting him. - his books didn't sell
“我并不喜欢我母亲， 而只要听到我妹妹的声音我就觉得痛苦。”例如，他总是遭到女性拒绝；他的书也卖不出去。
- And when he was only forty-four, he had a mental breakdown, precipitated when he saw a horse in a Turin street being beaten by its driver
而且在他44岁时，他精神崩溃了 -- 当他看见有匹马在都灵街上被马夫鞭打时，
and ran over to embrace him shouting 'I understand you'. He never recovered and died eleven sad years later.
尼采跑向那匹马，抱住牠大喊：“我懂你！” 他再也未能康复，并在11年后过世了。
But his philosophy was full of heroism and grandeur.
然而，他的哲学充满英雄主义与富丽堂皇的风格，
He was a prophet of what he called: SELBSTüBERWINDUNG or SELF-OVERCOMING, the process by which a great-souled person - what he called an üBERMENSCH
他是他所谓的“自我超越 (SELBSTüBERWINDUNG) ”“自我超越” -- 是有着伟大灵魂的人所经历的生命过程 尼采称这样的人为“超人 (üBERMENSCH)”
rises above their circumstances and difficulties to embrace whatever life throws at them.
超人能挺身对抗他们所处的困难与处境，并能拥抱人生 -- 无论面对着什么样的人生。
He wanted his work to teach us, as he put it, 'how to become who we really are'.
他希望他的作品能教导我们 --用他的话来说-- “如何成为真正的自己”
His thought centers around 4 main recommendations: Own up to envy
他的思想以4个主要建议为核心：1. 坦承嫉妒心
Envy is – Nietzsche recognised – a big part of life.
尼采认为，嫉妒是人生中重要的一部分。
Yet the lingering effects of Christianity generally teaches to be feel ashamed of our envious feelings.
然而，在基督教的持续影响下，我们被通常教导该为自己的嫉妒心感到羞耻。
They seem an indication of evil. So we hide them from ourselves and others.
嫉妒被视为邪恶的征象，所以我们对自己、也对他人隐藏嫉妒之心。
Yet there is nothing wrong with envy, maintained Nietzsche, so long as we use it as a guide to what we really want.
但尼采仍认为，嫉妒本身并没有错，只要我们能把嫉妒当作一种引导，指引着我们去追求自己真正想要的事物。
Every person who makes us envious should be seen as an indication of what we could one day become.
那些让我们感到嫉妒的人，都该被视为我们自己想要成为的人的指标。
The envy-inducing writer, tycoon or chef is hinting at who you are capable of one day being.
那些引人嫉妒的作家、财阀、或名厨，隐射着你未来可以成为的模样。
It's not that Nietzsche believed we always end up getting what we want. His own life had taught him this well enough).
这并不代表尼采相信我们终究都能得到我们想要的事物 -- 他自己的一生就是最好的反例。
He simply insisted that we must face up to our true desires, put up a heroic fight to honour them, and only then mourn failure with solemn dignity.
他仅是强调，我们必须面对自己真实的欲望，并英勇地战斗以荣耀那些欲望。唯有经过战斗，才能有尊严地悼念自己的失败。
That is what it means to be an üBERMENSCH
这是作为“超人”真正的意涵。
2. Don't be a Christian
2. 不要当基督徒
Nietzsche had some extreme things to say about Christianity.
尼采对于基督教有一些激进的想法，
In the entire New Testament, there is only person worth respecting: Pilate, the Roman governor.'
“在整部新约圣经里，只有一个人值得尊敬 -- 罗马总督彼拉多。” (译注：彼拉多判处耶稣钉十字架)
It was knockabout stuff, but his true target was more subtle and more interesting: he resented Christianity for protecting people from their envy.
这引起了轩然大波。但尼采真正的矛头指向其实更隐微、更有意思：他不满基督教让人们回避自己的嫉妒之心。
Christianity had in Nietzsche's account emerged in the late Roman Empire in the minds of timid slaves, who had lacked the stomach to get hold of what they really wanted
尼采指出，基督教在罗马帝国晚期兴起于怯懦的奴隶之间，他们没有胆量去追求自己真正渴望的事物，
and so had clung to a philosophy that made a virtue of their cowardice. He called this SKLAVENMORAL.
因此依赖一个能将他们的怯懦化为美德的哲学，尼采称之为“奴隶道德”(Sklavenmoral)。
Christians - whom he rather rudely termed DIE HEERDE, the herd - had wished to enjoy the real ingredients of fulfilment
基督徒 -- 尼采无礼地称他们为牧羊人 --也渴望享受能带来满足感的事物：
(a position in the world, sex, intellectual mastery, creativity) but had been too inept to get them.
地位、性爱、掌握智识、创意，但他们无能得到这些事物。
They had therefore fashioned a hypocritical creed denouncing what they wanted but were too weak to fight for– while praising what they did not want but happened to have.
他们因此被伪善的教条吸引，谴责那些他们想要却因为自己的无能而得不到的事物，而赞颂那些他们并不想要但刚好拥有的事物。
So, in the Christian value system, sexlessness turned into purity (show text changing) weakness became goodness,
所以，在基督徒的价值体系里，“无性爱”变成了“纯洁”、“软弱”变成了“善良”、
submission-to-people-one-hates became obedience and, in Nietzsche's phrase, "not-being-able-to-take-revenge" turned into "forgiveness."
“屈服于自己讨厌的人”变成了“顺从”。而用尼采的话说 --“没有能力报复”变成了“原谅”。
Christianity amounted to a giant machine for bitter denial.
基督教等于是一个拒绝苦痛的巨大体系。
3. Never drink alcohol
3. 绝不喝酒
Nietzsche himself drank only water – and as a special treat, milk. And he thought we should do likewise. He wasn't making a small, eccentric dietary point.
尼采自己只喝水，在特殊的日子里则喝牛奶。他认为大家也都该这么做。这并不是个无关紧要、偏食的论点。
The idea went to the heart of his philosophy, as contained in his declaration: 'There have been two great narcotics in European civilisation: Christianity and alcohol.'
这个论点来自于他哲学的核心思想，以他的话说：“欧洲文明中有两大毒品 --基督教和酒精。”
He hated alcohol for the very same reasons that he scorned Christianity: because both numb pain, and both reassure us that things are just fine as they are, sapping us of the will to change our lives for the better.
他厌恶酒精的原因和他批评基督教的原因相同：两者都麻痺痛苦，而且两者都建议我们让事情维持原样就好，
A few drinks usher in a transient feeling of satisfaction that can get fatally in the way of taking the steps necessary to improve our lives.
使人们失去改善自己的生活的意愿。几杯酒带来的转瞬即逝的满足感，致命地阻碍了我们应该踏出的那一步步努力 --努力改善人生。
Nietzsche was obsessed with the awkward truth that getting really valuable things done hurts.
尼采着迷于一个尴尬的事实：在努力获得真正 有价值的事物的过程中，必然会受到伤害。
"How little you know of human happiness - you comfortable people" he wrote "The secret of a fulfilled life is: live dangerously! Build your cities on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius!"
“你们对于人类幸福的了解太少了！ -- 你们这些生活舒适的人”尼采写道，“从生命获得圆满和喜悦之秘密就是：生活在险境之中！将你的城市建立在维苏威火山的山坡上！”
4. "God is Dead"
4. “上帝已死”
Nietzsche's dramatic assertion that God is dead is not, as it's often taken to be, some kind of a celebratory statement.
尼采戏剧性地主张的“上帝已死”，其实 -- 和人们通常理解的相反 --并不是一个欢快、庆祝的陈述。
Despite his reservations about Christianity, Nietzsche did not think that the end of belief was anything to cheer about.
尽管尼采对于基督教态度保留，他并不认为失去信仰是一件值得欢庆的事。
Religious beliefs were false, he knew; but he observed that they were very beneficial in the sense of helping us cope with the problems of life.
他认为宗教信仰是错误的，但同时观察到信仰的益处 --帮助我们处理生活中的问题。
Nietzsche felt that the gap left by religion should ideally be filled by Culture (he meant: philosophy, art, music, literature): Culture should replace Scripture.
尼采认为失去宗教信仰后的这个缺口， 理想上该由文化填补 -- 他指的文化是哲学、艺术、音乐、文学 -- 文化应该取代圣经。
However, Nietzsche was deeply suspicious of the way his own era was handling culture.
不过，尼采也深深质疑他那时代的人们对待文化的方式
He believed the universities were killing the humanities, turning them into dry academic exercises,
他认为大学正在扼杀人文学，让人文学变成了枯燥的学术练习，
rather than using them for what they were always meant to be: guides to life.
而未能发挥人文学一直以来的意义所在：指引人生。
He admired the way the Greeks had used tragic drama in a practical, therapeutic way,
他欣赏古希腊将悲剧用于一种实际、治疗的用途 --
as an occasion for catharsis and moral education – and wished his own age to be comparably ambitious.
一种情感净化、道德教育。尼采希望这时代的人也能有同样的野心。
He called for a reformation, in which people – newly conscious of the crisis brought
尼采呼吁变革，希望那些意识到失去信仰的危机的人
on by the end of faith – would fill the gaps created by the disappearance of religion with philosophy and art.
能够以哲学和艺术，填补失去宗教信仰后所留下的缺口。
Every era faces particular psychological challenges, thought Nietzsche, and it is the task of the philosopher to identify, and help solve, these.
尼采认为，每个时代都面临着特定的心理挑战，而哲学的任务就是指认出这些挑战，并协助解决问题。
For Nietzsche, the 19th century was reeling under the impact of two developments: Mass Democracy and Atheism.
就尼采的观点，19 世纪深受两大意识发展的影响：群众民主，以及无神论。
The first threatened to unleash torrents of undigested envy; the second to leave humans without guidance or morality.
群众民主威胁解放猛烈而未受引导的嫉妒心，无神论则让人们处在没有道德指引的状态中。
In relation to both challenges, Nietzsche remains our endearing, fascinating often loveable and moustachioed guide.
回应这两大挑战，尼采至今是我们最优秀、迷人、可爱、长着大胡子的指引。
