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What would the world look like if extreme climate change becomes reality?
如果极端气候变化成为现实，世界将会是怎样的呢？
Well, here's just one example.
好吧，这只是一个例子。
If temperatures were to rise by three more degrees Celsius, Shanghai, a city of 24 million people in China, will be wiped off the map.
如果气温再升高三摄氏度，上海，一个位于中国拥有2400万人口的城市，将会消失在地图上。
And it's not just the only coastal city that's at risk of disappearing beneath rising sea levels.
它不是唯一会因海平面上升而面临消失风险的沿海城市。
Globally, 2019 was the second hottest year on record.
从全球范围来看，2019年是有史以来第二热的年份。
Cities all throughout the world experienced record-setting summer temperatures.
世界各地的城市都经历了创纪录的夏季高温记录。
In June 2019, temperatures in Churu, India, exceeded 120 degrees Fahrenheit,
2019年6月，印度楚鲁地区的温度已超过华氏120度，
to the point that the government warned citizens to avoid drinking coffee, tea and alcohol out of fear of overheating.
以至于政府出于对过热的担忧，提醒民众要避免喝咖啡、茶和酒精。
Heat waves are becoming more severe and commonplace due to climate change,
热浪正因为气候变化变得越来越严峻且司空见惯，
projected to lead to deaths at the same rate as all infectious diseases combined.
预计导致死亡的比率与所有传染病造成的死亡总和相同。
This map here shows the increase in the severity and prevalence of heat waves if the world follows a moderate warming scenario.
这张地图显示，如果世界出现中度变暖的情况，热浪的严重性和普遍性将会大大增加。
By 2050, summertime highs of 95 degrees Fahrenheit, or 35 degrees Celsius, will become the new normal in nearly 1,000 cities,
到2050年，在近1000个城市中，夏季气温高达95华氏度或35摄氏度将成为新常态，
triple the number of cities that currently experience these sweltering temperatures.
是目前经历这种闷热温度的城市数量三倍。
But the irony is that cities are not just affected by climate change, they're also causing it.
但讽刺的是，城市不仅受到气候变化的影响，而且还在造成气候变化。
Cities consume between 60 and 80 percent of global energy resources and account for approximately 70 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions.
城市消耗了全球能源的60%至80%，约占全球二氧化碳排放量的70%。
As we can see here in this map,
正如我们在这张地图中看到的那样，
the light blue and the yellow areas correspond to those with the highest fossil fuel-based carbon dioxide emissions and also correspond to major urban centers.
浅蓝色和黄色区域对应于以化石燃料为基础的二氧化碳排放量最高的区域，也对应于主要城市中心。
Aside from cities' energy consumption, growing urban areas convert the planet's green surfaces to buildings and pavement,
除了城市的能源消耗外，不断发展的城市地区还将地球的绿地覆盖面积改建为高楼大厦和人行道，
and these can absorb more of the sun's energy than the natural grasslands and forests that they've replaced,
与它们所取代掉的天然草地和森林相比，城市建筑会吸收更多的阳光能量，
making urban areas hotter than their surrounding environments.
从而使城市地区比周边环境更热。
This phenomenon is called the "urban heat island effect."
这种现象称为城市热岛效应。
Here in Singapore, downtown neighborhoods can be as much as seven degrees Celsius, or 13 degrees Fahrenheit, hotter than the rainforests that were once here.
在新加坡这里，市区居民区的温度可能比以前的雨林高出7摄氏度或13华氏度。
While it's true that cities are contributing to climate change, they're also key actors in forging low carbon emission pathways.
诚然，城市正在造成气候变化，但它们也是打造低碳排放途径的关键参与者。
In dense cities like New York City and Tokyo, for instance, the average resident is responsible for over two tons of carbon dioxide emissions per capita.
例如，在纽约和东京等人口密集的城市中，居民人均二氧化碳排放量超过两吨。
This is less than a single passenger car emits in a single year in the United States.
这比美国一辆公交车一年的排放量还要少。
Cities around the world are stepping up to tackle climate change, with ambitious policies that often exceed the requirements of national governments.
世界各地的城市正在加紧应对气候变化，它们雄心勃勃的政策往往超出了各国政府的要求。
Take Copenhagen, for example. It's committed to become carbon neutral by 2025, and Glasgow in Scotland also plans to become carbon neutral by 2030.
以哥本哈根为例，它承诺到2025年实现碳中和，苏格兰的格拉斯哥也计划到2030年实现碳中和。
Today, there are more than 10,000 cities all around the world that are committing to their own ambitious climate actions,
今天，全球有一万多个城市致力于自己雄心勃勃的气候行动，
plans that include emissions reduction targets, clean energy and sustainable transit projects,
计划中包括减排目标，清洁能源和可持续交通项目，
and also energy efficiency policies that can save people and cities money, energy and emissions.
还有可以拯救人们和城市，节省开销、能源和排放的能效政策。
Recent analysis shows that just 6,000 cities, combined with regions and companies,
近期分析表明，只有六千个城市与各地区和企业共同合作，
are undertaking climate initiatives that can reduce global emissions by up to two gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2030.
正在采取气候行动，到2030年可以将全球排放量减少多达两千兆吨二氧化碳当量。
That's roughly four percent of the world's total annual emissions on top of what national governments have pledged.
这大约是世界各国每年总排放量的4%，此举是在各国政府承诺的基础上。
And this is just the start. Imagine what could happen if 20,000 cities were to band together to curb climate change.
这仅仅是个开始，想象一下如果有两万个城市团结起来遏制气候变化会发生什么。
While this potential for cities' climate action sounds really promising,
尽管城市采取气候行动的潜能听起来确实很有希望，
cities must work to make sure that these policies are implemented fairly and equitably.
但城市必须努力确保这些政策得到公平、公正的实施。
Where you live in a city, your income, your race
您在城市中的住所，收入，种族，
research is showing that these factors can determine your access to environmental benefits like green space and sustainable transit,
研究表明，这些因素可以决定您获得绿色空间和可持续交通等环境收益的途径，
and they can also determine your share of environmental burdens like air pollution and climate change.
而且它们还可以决定您所承担的环境负担，如空气污染和气候变化。
We observe these neighborhood-level disparities particularly clearly in these side-by-side images of Los Angeles,
特别是在洛杉矶的并排图像中，我们观察了这些邻里层面的差异，
comparing income on the left and tree cover on the right.
比较了左侧的收入和右侧的树木覆盖率。
The darkest green neighborhood has an average annual income of over 100,000 US dollars per person. And over 70 percent of it has tree cover.
暗绿色代表的社区人均年收入超过10万美元，居住地有超过70%的树木覆盖面积。
The blue neighborhoods towards the bottom of the map only have a third of the income per person and less than five percent tree cover.
靠近地图底部的蓝色社区仅拥有人均收入的三分之一，树木覆盖率不到5%。
Seventy percent versus five. This disparity has real consequences.
70%与5%的对比，这种差距会带来真正的后果。
Green spaces are often public spaces, and they're known to be associated with social and economic well-being.
绿色空间通常是公共空间，众所周知，它们与社会和经济福祉息息相关。
They can also reduce crime and foster social cohesion.
它们还可以减少犯罪率并增强社会凝聚力。
Trees also can help to filter harmful air pollution and provide evaporative cooling and shade and relief for some of these high temperatures.
树木还可以帮助过滤有害的空气污染，并为某些高温区吸收热量，提供遮荫，并起到舒缓的作用。
So not only are those poorer neighborhoods at a greater disadvantage from access to green space,
因此，这些贫困社区不仅在获取绿色空间方面处于更大的劣势，
but they're also more vulnerable to air pollution and climate change.
而且更容易受到空气污染和气候变化的影响。
We can observe particularly pronounced disparities in urban heat according to race.
根据种族，我们可以观察到特别明显的差异和城市热度。
Our latest research shows that 97 percent of major urban areas in the United States
我们的最新研究表明，美国97%的主要城市地区，
are exposing Black populations and people of color to a full degree Celsius higher of urban heat than their white counterparts.
黑人人口和有色人种所感受到的城市热度比他们的白人同类们高出整整1摄氏度。
Take a look at this map of my hometown of Greenville, South Carolina.
看看这张我家乡南卡罗来纳州格林维尔的地图。
Unlike the name suggests it is not green for everyone.
与它名字不同的是，它并没有给所有人带去绿色。
The hottest areas of the county shown on the map in red correspond with the highest percentages of Black and poor populations.
在地图上以红色标注的该州最热地区的黑人和贫困人口百分比最高。
And we're seeing similar patterns throughout cities all across the United States.
而且我们在美国各地的城市都看到了类似的模式。
To address these inequalities, cities are starting to strategize and develop plans
为了解决这些不平等问题，城市开始制定战略和计划，
that can ensure that climate benefits are provided to all of their citizens equally.
以确保将气候效益平均分配给所有公民。
Take Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia, for example.
以哥伦比亚首都波哥大为例。
It has one of the most extensive bike networks in all of Latin America, connecting people to jobs, education centers and recreational opportunities.
它拥有整个拉丁美洲最普及的自行车网络之一，它将人们与工作、教育中心和休闲场所相连接。
A new bike highway project can allow for around 42,000 daily bicycle trips and potentially avoid 270,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions.
一个新的自行车高速公路项目可以支持每天约42000次自行车旅行，并有可能避免27万吨的温室气体排放。
In Africa, where many cities lack universal access to electricity, mini-grids are providing approximately 73 million households with clean electricity.
在非洲，许多普遍缺乏电力供应的城市，迷你电网正在为大约7300万家庭提供清洁电力。
So as we can see from these examples, tackling climate change has to start in cities.
因此，从这些例子中我们可以看到，应对气候变化必须从城市开始。
Many cities are starting to flip the script on climate change, proving to be part of the solution and not just the problem,
许多城市开始着手应对气候变化问题，证明了城市是解决方案的一部分，而不仅仅是问题所在，
and bringing the kind of innovative solutions that we need for a more just and sustainable world. Thank you.
并带来我们需要的创新解决方案，以建立一个更加公正和可持续的世界。谢谢。
