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Hi! I'm Martin.
大家好！我是马丁。
Welcome to Oxford Online English!
欢迎来到牛津英语在线课堂！
In this lesson, you're going to learn how to complete true/false/not given, and yes/no/not given questions in the IELTS reading exam.
本节课，你将学习如何在雅思阅读考试中完成正确/错误/答案未给出的问题，以及是/否/答案未给出的问题。
But what is the difference between these two types of question? True/false/not given questions ask you about facts.
但是这两类问题有什么区别呢？正确/错误/答案未给出问题询问的是事实。
Yes/no/not given questions can include facts or the writer's opinion.
是/否/答案未给出的问题可以包括事实或作者的观点。
However, you can think about these two kinds of question in exactly the same way.
然而，你可以用完全相同的方式来思考这两类问题。
But, please check what type of question you're answering.
不过，请细心审视所回答的问题是什么类型。
If you write the answer ‘yes' in a ‘true, false, not given' question, the answer is obviously not correct.
如果你在“正确，错误，答案未给出”的问题中回答“是”，那么答案显然是不正确的。
This is mistake is easier to make than you might imagine.
犯这类错误远你想象的容易。
Let's have a look at some techniques you can use to answer true/false/not given questions in your IELTS reading exam.
我们来看看，在雅思阅读考试中可以用来回答正确/错误/答案未给出的问题的一些技巧。
Part One: how to find the relevant part of the text.
第一部分:如何锁定文章的相关部分。
Before you can answer the question, you need to find the right part of the text.
在回答问题之前，你需要找到文章的准确部分。
First, remember that the questions follow the text.
首先，阅读文章时要时刻牢记问题。
That means that for the first question, you should start looking near the beginning of the text.
这就意味着对于第一个问题，你应该开始看课文的开头部分。
Now, let's do an example.
现在，咱们举一个例子。
Imagine that you see this question: "Zander cannot live in salt water."
想象一下你看到这样一个问题：“梭鲈（Zander）在咸水里无法存活。”
Probably, your first thought is, “What's a zander?" Perfectly reasonable.
也许，你的第一个问题是，”zander是什么？“这么想是合乎情理的。
I had to look it up, too! However, you know that the zander is something which can (or can't) live in salt water.
我也得查一下！然而，你应该能猜到zander是一种可以（或无法）在咸水中生存的动物。
What lives in water? Many things, but we know the zander must be some kind of animal or plant which lives in water.
什么可以在水里生存？那可太多了，但我们知道，zander肯定是生存在水里的某种动物或植物。
So, look for words in the text related to fish or sea life.
所以，在课文中查找与鱼或海洋生物有关的单词。
You can also look for the word 'zander', obviously.
当然，你也可以查找“zander”这个词汇。
Also, the question mentions salt water.
这个问题还提到了咸水。
Where do you find salt water? In the sea, right? So, look for words like sea, ocean etc.
去哪里能够找到咸水呢？海里，对吧？所以，查找sea, ocean之类的词汇。
What's the opposite of salt water? It's fresh water.
咸水的反义词是什么？淡水。
Where do you find fresh water? Mostly in rivers and lakes.
那么哪里可以找到淡水？大部分在河流和湖泊。
If the answer is ‘true', and zander cannot live in salt water, then they must live in fresh water.
如果答案是“正确”，而zander无法生活在咸水中，那么他们必须生活在淡水里。
This means you should also look for references to fresh water in the text, so look for words like river or lake.
这意味着你也应该在文章中寻找淡水的参考资料，所以寻找像河流或湖泊这样的词汇。
Let's do one more example.
咱们再举个例子。
You see this question: "Before 1900, there were no zander in the UK."
你看到这个问题：“1900年以前，英国还没有出现zander。”
What should you look for in the text? Look for dates or time references.
你应该在课文中寻找什么内容？寻找日期或时间信息。
The question mentions 1900, so you could look for time expressions like 19th century, 20th century, turn of the century, and so on.
问题提到了1900年，所以你可以寻找时间的陈述信息，比如19世纪，20世纪，世纪之交，等等。
You could also look for references to the UK or parts of the UK.
你还可以查找英国或英国部分地区的内容。
This means you should look for words like Britain, England, Scotland, etc.
也就是说你应该查找Britain, England, Scotland这样的词汇。
Use these techniques to find the section in the text which will let you answer the question.
阅读文章时，使用这些技巧有利于你锁定包含答案的内容。
Okay, so now you've found the relevant part of the text.
好了，现在找到了文章的切题部分。
What next? Part two: finding key ideas in the text.
接下来呢？第二部分:在课文中寻找关键思想。
Take a look at this extract from a text.
看看这段文字的摘录部分。
"The zander is a type of fish, thought originally to be from Western Europe.
梭鲈是一种鱼类，最初被认为来自于西欧。
Zander were introduced into the UK in the late 20th century, and now can be found in many rivers and freshwater lakes around the UK.
20世纪末，英国引进了梭鲈，如今英国许多河流和淡水湖都有梭鲈的身影。
Scientists claim that zander have harmed many native English fish species since their introduction."
科学家们声称，自从被引进英国以来，梭鲈已经伤害了许多本土鱼类。”
Pause the video if you want extra time to read it.
如果你需要更多时间来阅读，可以暂停视频。
What should you focus on here? Here are a few things to look for and think about: First, look for time and date references.
在这部分你应该关注什么？以下是一些需要查找和考虑的要点：首先，查找时间和日期的参考资料。
The statement says 'late 20th century'.
文中说到了“20世纪末”。
What does that mean? 1990? Is 2000 late 20th century? When does late start? Is 1970 late 20th century?
这是什么意思？1990年？2000年是20世纪末？末期从什么时候开始算呢？1970年是20世纪末吗？
Secondly, look for expressions of quantity like 'all', 'many', 'some', 'most', and so on.
其次，寻找数量的表达内容，如“所有”，“许多”，“一些”，“大多数”，等等。
Here, the text says 'many rivers and freshwater lakes'.
这里，文中说到“许多河流和淡水湖”。
Does that mean all zander live in rivers? Does it tell you whether zander are more common in rivers or lakes?
那是不是说，所有的梭鲈都生存在河里？文中提到了梭鲈在河流或湖泊中更常见了吗？
Thirdly, look for specific details and facts.
第三，寻找具体的细节和事实。
What do you know for sure after reading this text?
读完这篇文章，你能确定什么内容？
You know that the zander is a fish, and that there weren't any zander in the UK before 1950 (because they were introduced).
你知道了梭鲈是一种鱼，英国在1950年之前没有梭鲈（因为这类鱼是被引进英国的）。
You know that zander live in rivers and freshwater lakes in the UK.
你知道了梭鲈生活在英国的河流和淡水湖里。
