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Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta. This is Crash Course Theater, and remember how we said it was gonna take a bunch of buzzkill Puritans
嘿 大家好 我是迈克·鲁格内塔 这里是“戏剧速成课堂” 我们之前说过会出现一群扫兴的清教徒
to end this huge flowering of art and culture and awesomeness?
来结束这场艺术和文化的繁荣盛典 还记得吗
Well, here they are.
嗯 今天我们就来讲讲
Today we're gonna be talking about objections to theatre in Renaissance England and how the theaters eventually closed.
今天我们要来讨论文艺复兴时期英国戏剧遭遇的反对 以及剧院是如何被关闭的
But good news, they reopen two decades later with smutty comedy and expurgated Shakespeare and also
不过好消息是 二十年之后它们还会重新开张营业 上演淫秽喜剧和删减版的莎士比亚戏剧
women on stage, sometimes wearing pants. What a time to have been alive.
女人们将登上舞台 有时还会穿着(男人的)裤子 活在这样一个时代真是太好了
As you remember from our episodes on classical theater, Puritans didn't invent hating on theater, a phenomenon we call anti-theatricalism.
我们在古典戏剧那一集里讲过 并不是清教徒们无缘无故开始讨厌戏剧 而是出现了一种叫做“反戏剧主义”的现象
Boo, hiss. The father of anti-theatricalism, as far as recorded history goes, is Plato. Yeah, that Plato.
嘘~~~！根据历史记载 反戏剧主义之父正是柏拉图 是的 就是那个柏拉图
In The Republic, Plato says that he wouldn't have any poets in his ideal Kingdom
在《理想国》里柏拉图是这样说的 他说在他的理想王国里没有诗人这一说
because poetry is a false representation of reality. It just distracts people from philosophy.
因为诗歌是对现实的一种虚假的反映 它只会分散人们对哲学的注意力
Please also note though, that Plato wrote his own philosophy in dialogue form, so...
请注意 柏拉图的哲学是以对话的形式写的 所以……(啪啪打脸)
Anyway, while the Greeks the Romans and the early Christians all had problems with theater and those who performed it to some degree
不管怎么说 当希腊人、罗马人和早期的基督徒们都对戏剧和某种程度上表演戏剧的人持有异议的时候
there ain't no anti-theatricalist like a Puritan anti-theatricalist.
他们都没有出现像清教徒那样如此高涨的反戏剧情绪
Think of the thing that you hate the most in the world and then multiply that hate by a lot more loathing and suspicion and also fear of the plague.
想想这个世界上你最讨厌的东西 然后把这种讨厌乘以更多的讨厌和怀疑外加对瘟疫的恐惧
You probably still don't hate the theater like the Puritans did.
即便这样你可能都还体会不到清教徒对戏剧的那种厌恶
Let's see some examples. This first is from Elizabeth's reign.
我们来看些例子 首先从伊丽莎白统治时期开始
A letter sent by the Lord Mayor and aldermen of London in 1597, which called for all plays to be cancelled.
1597年伦敦的市长和参议员写了一封信 信中要求取消所有的戏剧演出
Plays, he wrote, are a special cause of corrupting the youth, containing nothing but unchaste matters,
他在信中写道：戏剧是青年人被腐化的一种特殊诱因 戏剧里只有下流的东西、
lascivious devices, shifts of cozenage and other lewd and ungodly practices.
淫荡的诡计、骗人的诈术以及其它一些淫秽和不虔诚的行为
He also went on to say that they make people lazy and criminal and give them black death,
他还写道：戏剧让人们变得懒惰、变得邪恶 让黑死病降临
which, I mean, I've worked with some flat footed lighting technicians but no one with the pestilence.
不过 我和很多照明技术人员一起工作过 但是 没人得过瘟疫
Other Puritans came along and started writing some long and unhinged pamphlets.
一些清教徒们也加入了批判戏剧的队伍 开始写一些冗长的、精神错乱的小册子
They said that plays taught people how to sin, that they made men effeminate-remember all of those boy actors dressed as spunky heroines in pants?
他们说 戏剧教会人们如何犯罪 戏剧让男人变得柔弱——还记得那些穿着裤子、打扮成勇敢的女英雄的男演员吗？
Yeah, the Puritans did not love that-and surprise, surprise, that plays went against God.
是的 清教徒们不喜欢那样 之后 令人意想不到的是 戏剧开始和上帝火拼了
And, here's something for the irony fans; remember how theater was used to jazz up church services not so long before this?
这是说给讽刺迷们听的：还记得戏剧在此前是怎样被用来活跃教堂礼拜的吗
Well, some Protestant English critics objected to Renaissance theater because it emerged from liturgical drama and that made it too Popish.
嗯 一些英国新教的批评家们反对文艺复兴时期的戏剧 因为戏剧是由礼仪剧演变而来的 这使得戏剧太过教皇化
Not religious enough, or too religious.
不够虔诚 或者太过虔诚
It's almost like the nature of theater isn't the problem here.
好像戏剧的本质并不是问题所在
The greatest example of an anti-theatrical text is probably William Prynne's Histriomastix, a thousand pages of invective against the theater published in 1632.
最牛逼的一篇反戏剧的文章大概是威廉·白兰于1632年出版的“Histriomastix” 长达一千页 全是对戏剧的谩骂
How bananas is this book? Well, here is an abridged version of the title:
这本书有多疯狂？嗯 这里是删减版的标题：
Histriomastix: the players scourge, or actor's tragedy divided into two parts,
Histriomastix：“演员们的灾祸” 或者“演员们的悲剧”分为两部分，
wherein it is largely evidenced, by diverse arguments that popular stage plays
不同的论点已经证实：现今流行的舞台剧
are sinful heathenish lewd ungodly spectacles and most pernicious corruptions
涵盖了罪恶的、异教的、淫荡的、邪恶的场面，是最致命的腐化之物。
and that the profession of play poets of stage players
戏剧诗人，舞台演员，
together with the pending acting and frequenting of stage plays are unlawful infamous and misbeseeming Christians.
还有即将上演的的演出和舞台剧的常住观众都是非法的、无耻的、败坏了的基督徒。
Abridged, people. This is the abridged title. Yeesh.
这是删减版朋友们 这是删减版的标题 咦~~~(感叹词,贬义)
Somewhere in those thousand pages Prynne mentioned that women actors are notorious whores and maybe you're thinking: what women actors?
在那本几千页的书里 白兰提到过女演员是臭名昭著的妓女 或许你在想：什么？女演员？
Prynne claimed he was talking about a troupe of French actresses who had visited London in 1629 and had been booed and pippin-pelted off the stage.
白兰称自己指的是一群法国女演员 她们曾于1629年到伦敦进行演出 结果被唏嘘赶下舞台
That means that they got apples tossed at them.
意思是可能被扔了一身苹果
But hey also, remember how court masks featured noble women including the queen, Henrietta Maria?
但是 嘿 还记得宫廷面具是怎样刻画包括女王亨丽埃塔·玛丽亚在内的贵族女性的吗？
The nobles remembered, and when the court read Prynne's book he was put on trial for seditious libel,
贵族们肯定记得 在法庭宣读白兰的书时白兰正因煽动诽谤罪而受到审判
because you kinda can't imply that the queen is a whore and not maybe get your own thousand page book thrown at you.
因为你不能暗示说女王是妓女 不然可能会有一本一千页的书砸向你
But okay, Prynne's work wasn't the final dramatic nail in the theaters coffin;
不过 好吧 白兰的千页书并不是将戏剧送进坟墓的最后一把黑手
what did it? Well, it starts with Charles I. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland and hubby to Henrietta Maria.
那最后一把黑手是谁呢 查尔斯一世 即英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的国王 也是亨利埃塔·玛丽亚的丈夫 是罪魁祸首
Charles I had worse problems than men seditiously libeling his wife. His main problem was money.
查理一世遇到的问题比那些煽动诽谤他妻子的男人们还要严重 他最大的问题就是“钱”
Wars did not come cheap and he fought lots of them and I'm sure all of those Inigo Jones sets and nymph costumes didn't help things either.
战争是很昂贵的 他打了很多仗 我敢说所有那些依理高·琼斯(著名建筑师)的布景啊、女神的剧装啊都不顶用
He and Parliament, which was largely puritanical, used to fight all the time about his military spending.
他和议会(清教徒居多)一直在争取自己的军费开支
So, he kept dissolving Parliament.
所以 他不断地解散议会
In 1629, he disbanded it all together and decided to go it alone, levying some unpopular taxes to keep everything afloat.
1629年 他解散了所有的工会决定单干 征收一些不怎么常见的税来维持所有费用
And that went okay, until 1640, when he needed money to fight against the Scots.
本来都挺顺利 直到1640年 他开始需要钱来对抗苏格兰人
He reconvened Parliament and then dissolved it again,
他重新召集了国会 然后又解散了国会
and then reconvened it again and the House of Commons basically passed a bill telling the King that he was a royal pain in the neck.
然后又召集了国会 下议院通过了一项法案暗示国王他已经成了议员们的眼中钉肉中刺
Then Ireland rebelled-here is where we get back to theatre.
之后爱尔兰造反了 爱尔兰也是戏剧回归的地方
Civil War now fully underway, the puritanical Parliament used the conflict as an excuse to ban theater, mostly on religious grounds.
内战全面爆发 清教徒议会则以内战为由禁止剧院开放 主要出于宗教原因
In 1642, they passed an edict which read, Public sports do not well agree with public calamities,
1642年他们颁布一项法令 内容为：公共运动和公共灾难不同于一体，
nor public stage plays with the seasons of humiliation, this being an exercise of sad and pious solemnity,
公共舞台剧和羞耻的演出也不同于一体，一种是悲壮而虔诚的仪式，
and the other being spectacles of pleasure, too commonly expressing lascivious mirth and levity:
另一种则是充斥着淫荡和轻浮的欢愉:
It is therefore thought fit, and ordained, by the Lords and Commons in this Parliament assembled,
因此，本届议会的上议院和下议院一致认为，
that, while these sad causes and set times of humiliation do continue, public stage plays shall cease, and be forborn.
只要这些悲哀的诱因和羞耻持续作用，那么公共舞台剧就应该被中断和禁止。
