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Anyways, yes, it's "Revenge Tragedy", one of the most decadent forms of English renaissance drama.
不管怎么说 嗯 这是“复仇悲剧” 是英国文艺复兴时期最颓废的戏剧形式之一
Revenge Tragedy, or as it's sometimes awesomely called, "The Tragedy of Blood" or "The Sex Tragedy", is a genre that gets going pre-Shakespeare.
“复仇悲剧” 有时也被称为“血悲剧”或者“性悲剧” 是在莎士比亚之前出现的一种戏剧形式
When our boy Ben Jonson was just back from the Netherlands, he played the lead role
在我们还是小男孩的琼森刚从荷兰回来的时候他就曾在
in one of the first examples, Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy from 1587.
最早的“复仇悲剧”作品之一 即托马斯·基德1587年的作品《西班牙悲剧》的演出中扮演主角
Revenge tragedy borrows its form from Seneca, but where Seneca is extremely interested in moral choice,
复仇悲剧借用了塞内加的形式 但塞内加对道德选择却极其地感兴趣
these plays are much more interested in lurid forms of murder.
而这些戏剧则把更多的焦点放在了耸人听闻的谋杀方式上
Though to be honest, Seneca was interested in that, too.
说实话 塞内加对此也兴致勃勃
As Vindici says in the 1606 play The Revenger's Tragedy, which was probably written by Thomas Middleton,
正如文迪西在1606年的戏剧《复仇者的悲剧》中所说：这部剧大概是由托马斯·米德尔顿所创
When the bad bleed, then is the tragedy good.
只有当坏人流血之时才能称得上是一部地道的悲剧
So yeah, there's a lot of blood.
所以 嗯 流了很多血
Many tragedies also have meta-theatrical elements like plays inside plays or
许多悲剧中也含有元戏剧元素 比如剧中剧或者
scenes of intentional disguise, or characters performing madness.
有意伪装的场景 或者演员装疯
Shakespeare writes an on-the-nose revenge tragedy in Titus Andronicus, which owes a huge debt to Seneca,
莎士比亚在《泰特斯安特洛尼克斯》里写了一出恰恰是复仇的悲剧 该剧欠下塞内加一大笔债
then elevates the genre with Hamlet by making us feel very deeply for the revenger and
之后又通过《哈姆雷特》提升了这一戏剧体裁 让我们对复仇者和哈姆雷特产生了深切的同情
having Hamlet constantly question the morality of his actions.
让哈姆雷特不断质疑自己行为的道德性
Until the play's final scenes, he's still debating the righteousness of revenge
直到最后一幕他仍在纠结自己复仇的正义性
and wondering if there's a way to escape the tragic cycle.
不知如何跳出悲剧的循环圈
He kills a lot of people but he never becomes a complete villain and even in the end, we still side with him.
他杀了很多人 但他并不算是一个彻头彻尾的坏人 直到最后我们还是选择站在他这一边
Most playwrights weren't that high-minded.
大多剧作家都没有那么地高尚
John Ford's Tis Pity She's a Whore is a Romeo and Juliet story except Romeo and Juliet are brother and sister.
约翰·福特的作品《惜为风尘女》讲述的故事和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》相仿 不同的是罗密欧和朱丽叶是兄妹
There's a lot of random murder and lewd dancing and in the climactic scene
里面有很多肆意的谋杀和淫荡的舞蹈 在高潮部分
the brother kills his pregnant sister and comes back into the banquet hall with her heart on the end of his sword.
哥哥杀死了自己怀孕的妹妹之后回到宴会厅 把剑插进了妹妹的心脏
Remember when you thought Cymbeline was intense?
是不是曾经还觉得《辛白林》够刺激？
Seems a little quaint now, don't it?
现在是不是觉得怪怪的了 哈？
There's also The Duchess of Malfi, in which a woman's brothers drive her mad by making wax statues
还有《马尔菲公爵夫人》 讲述的是有一个妇女
of her dead children because she marries below her station.
她的哥哥们为她死去的孩子制作蜡像结果把她逼疯了 因为她嫁给了一个地位比她低的人
And The Revenger's Tragedy, in which a duke makes out with a poisoned skull and then
在《复仇者的悲剧》里 一个公爵和一个中毒的头骨一起亲热
gets stabbed while he watches his wife betray him with another man.
之后在看到妻子背叛自己和另外一个男人在一起的时候被刺
But here's a surprise:
不过这里有一个彩头：
The Revenge Tragedy is still considered a moral genre sometimes because of all the gore.
复仇悲剧仍被认为是一种道德类型的戏剧形式 因为有太多的血腥场面
Some critics argue that the plays emphasize the destructiveness of revenge
一些评论家认为这些戏剧强调了复仇的破坏性
and warn about the consequences when men take on the kind of retributive justice that should be left to god.
并警告人们在接受那种应该留给上帝的报应性正义时应该考虑后果
Though God doesn't tend to go for anything as fancy as lunatics performing dance numbers.
虽然上帝并不热衷于类似“疯子表演舞蹈”那样奇特的事物
Other critics, though, insist that Jacobean tragedies are so extreme because they are a radical form
然而有些批评家则坚持认为雅各比的悲剧之所以如此极端是因为它们是一种激进的形式
that is deliberately flouting restrictive social codes and accepted norms of behavior.
是在故意藐视限制性的社会礼仪和公认的行为准则
They show the stark problems of sex and class underlying Jacobean complacency.
它们揭示了隐藏在雅各布式自满之下的性别和阶级的突出问题
Still others think they're mostly interested in acting out sadistic fantasies and delivering just shocks, thrills.
还有一些评论家认为他们最感兴趣的就是把施虐幻想付诸行动并带给人震撼和刺激
The last genre we'll discuss today is the court masque, a very fancy kind of theater
今天我们要介绍的最后一种戏剧形式是宫廷假面剧 这是一种非常奇特的戏剧
that was performed by and for nobles with professional actors taking on the comic roles
由贵族和专业演员一起来扮演喜剧角色
because as everyone knows, nobles are not funny.
为什么呢？因为大家都知道 贵族们属于无幽默感体质
Why were the court masques so popular?
宫廷假面剧为什么如此受欢迎呢？
Well, they affirmed existing power structures and they put the royals in some really mind-blowing doublets. Work it nobles.
嗯 他们肯定了现有的权力结构并赋予了王室们一些真正的令人兴奋的的双重形象 别停下贵族们！
Masques have their roots in the Middle Ages, and derive from the pageants,
面具起源于中世纪为庆祝王室大事
processionals and tableau vivants that were created to celebrate royal occasions like births, marriages.
如出生、结婚而设计的庆典、游行以及盛大的场面
In court masques, a mix of professional performers and nobles, or if you were unlucky,
在宫廷假面剧中既有专业的表演者也有贵族 或者如果你不走运的话
just nobles would act out some allegorical scene backed by sumptuous scenery and attired in knockout garb.
就只能看到贵族们穿着华丽的服装在华丽的背景下演绎着寓意丰富的场景
Most of the action was set to music.
大部分的动作都配有音乐
"Masques were about themes like love and beauty and virtue, acted out with fairytale stories of nymphs and gods and cupids.
“假面剧的主题是爱、美和美德 用仙女、众神和丘比特的童话故事来进行表现
They had a little poetry and a little plot and a lot of music and dancing.
里面有一些诗歌和情节 还有很多音乐和舞蹈
They provided spectacular visuals that emphasized the elegance of the court and the magnificence of the ruler,
他们展现了壮观的视觉效果 着重刻画宫廷的优雅以及统治者们的伟大
reasserting that kings and queens ruled because that's how god wants it."
重申了国王和女王统治的君权神授性。”
Often, the men of the court would present a masque and then the women of the court would answer it with another.
一般是宫廷里的男人们戴一种假面具 之后女人们戴另一种假面具进行回应
The masques themselves were often preceded by comic or grotesque anti-masques,
假面剧的前身一般是滑稽可笑的反假面剧
showing a disruption of the social order, like say, a couple of rogue satyrs up to no good.
展示对社会秩序的破坏 比如说一对不怀好意的色鬼
Maybe making trouble in the neighborhood, which would be magically fixed by the arrival of the kings' representatives onstage.
或是在邻里间制造麻烦 不过只要国王的代表们一上台麻烦就神奇般的被解决了
Most Jacobean and Caroline playwrights wrote a masque or two.
大部分的雅各宾和卡罗琳剧作家都写过一两部假面剧
But the foremost masque maker was, fanfare please, Mr. Ben Jonson,
然而最牛逼的假面剧作家正是 音乐响起来 本·琼森先生
who managed to put those badly behaved animals aside long enough to dream up confections about nymphs and goddesses and constellations.
他设法把那些举止不端的动物们放在一边 而花大量的充足的时间去虚构仙女、女神和星座
What a job.
这得多大的工作量！
Jonson's partner was Inigo Jones, the absolute genius of renaissance set design
琼森的搭档是伊尼戈·琼斯 他是文艺复兴时期布景设计界真正的大师级人物
and one of the crucial figures in the transition of theater construction toward the proscenium arch that we know and sometimes love today.
也是推动剧院建造向我们熟知并时而钟爱的舞台口过渡的关键性人物之一
Jones had spent some time in Italy and absorbed the innovations in Italian stagecraft.
琼斯曾在意大利呆过一段时间并吸收了意大利舞台艺术的创新
He introduced perspectival staging to England and invented all sorts of awesome stage machinery like clouds that would carry nobles to the stage floor.
他将透视式舞台设计引入英国并发明了各种令人敬畏的舞台机械 比如拖着贵族们登台的“祥云”
The court masque bromance of Jonson and Jones eventually broke up, though, because
乔森和琼斯这对宫廷假面兄弟最终还是分手了 因为
Jonson thought the words were more important and Jones thought the pictures were more important
琼森认为文字更重要 而琼斯则认为图片更重要
and well, I suppose the tragedy is that they were both right and wrong.
嗯 我想悲剧就在于这两个都重要
Maybe they'd exhausted the nymph genre anyway.
或许他们已经厌倦了女神题材
So, do all of these revenge tragedies seem excessive? They are.
那么 所有这些复仇悲剧看起来都很过瘾吗？没错
Do all these court masques sound really expensive? They were.
所有这些宫廷假面剧听起来都贼贵吗？没错 贵过
And that's going to make some Puritans very unhappy.
这会让一些清教徒很不愉快
So enjoy your poisoned incense and majestic scenery while you can because pretty soon the Puritans
所以尽情享受你们有毒的熏香和壮丽的风景吧 因为清教徒们很快
are going to make like those goths and visigoths and tank theater for a while.
就会模仿那些哥特人和西哥特人致使剧院暂停营业
We've seen this cycle before in Western theater, from simplicity to virtuosity to decadence to bye-bye theater.
我们之前看到过西方戏剧的类似循环 从“简单”到“精湛”到“颓废”再到“拜拜 戏剧”
Maybe we'll see it again. It's almost like history does this thing where it repeats itself?
后期说不定还会出现 和历史会重演的道理一样
Anyway, thanks for watching. It's been sanguine. Curtain.
不管怎样 谢谢观看 要心怀希望 谢幕！
