评论
打印
Thanks to CuriosityStream for supporting PBS Digital Studios.
感谢好奇心流媒体对PBS数字工作室的支持
Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta. This is Crash Course Theater and believe it or not, theater in England doesn't end with Shakespeare.
嘿 大家好 我是迈克·鲁格内塔 这里是“戏剧速成课堂” 不管你信不信 英国的戏剧并没有以莎士比亚而告终
Nope, it's going to take some buzzkill Protestants to shut down that iambic-pentama-party.
需要一些扫兴的新教徒来捣毁那个抑扬格-彭塔玛党派
But, we're going to meet them next time.
不过 我们下节课再来讲他们
Today we're going to look at English drama after Shakespeare, explore the work of Shakespeare's contemporary, Ben Jonson,
今天我们来讲讲莎士比亚之后的英国戏剧 探讨一下莎士比亚同时代的剧作家本·琼森的作品
and check out some disturbingly violent Jacobean and Caroline Revenge Tragedies.
再看一些令人不安的暴力剧 雅各布和卡罗琳的复仇悲剧
We'll end with a visit to the Caroline Court Masques, which were created because nobles
结尾我们会来欣赏一下卡洛琳宫廷假面剧 之所以会出现这种剧 是因为贵族们
were like, theater is amazing! We want to act too! Ugh, amateurs.
觉得：戏剧真是太棒了！我们也想进入演艺圈！ 呃 业余爱好者们
You're making me look bad!
你让我很难堪哎
We ended our last episode with Ben Jonson's tribute to his old pal Shakespeare.
上一集结尾时我们提到过本·琼森为他的老朋友莎士比亚写的悼词
Jonson belongs with Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe as one of the big-deal playwrights of the English Renaissance.
琼森和莎士比亚、克里斯托弗·马洛一样都是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家
But his plays are harder to love.
只是他的戏剧作品很难让人深爱
They're very witty, but also very wordy, which is funny because that's pretty much what he said about Will.
内容很风趣 但也很啰嗦 不过有趣的是琼森也是这么形容威尔的
His wit was in his own power; would the rule of it had been so too. Elizabethan burn.
他很好地展示了才智 却没能很好地规范才智 于是红红火火的伊丽莎白时代开始燃烧了
Jonson was born in 1572. His father died before his birth and his mother married a bricklayer.
杰森出生于1572年 他的父亲在他出生之前就去世了 而他的母亲转嫁给了一名砖瓦匠
So when it came time to go to university, Jonson had to become an apprentice bricklayer instead. He was not psyched.
所以杰森不得不放弃读大学的机会而去做一名砖瓦匠 他很不开心
Eventually he went off to the Netherlands to become a soldier
所以后来又去了荷兰成为了一名士兵
but then got tired of windmills and killing people, so he came back to London to work as an actor and a playwright,
之后他厌倦了直升飞机和杀人 所以又回到伦敦成为了一名演员兼剧作家
though apparently he wasn't much of an actor.
不过很显然他并不适合当演员
He wrote some tragedies and some comedies and his plays got him into trouble a lot
琼森写过一些悲剧和喜剧 不过他的作品曾给他带来过很多麻烦
as he tended to fill them with racy political passages and personal attacks.
因为里面的形象的政治段子和人身攻击太多了
Unlike Shakespeare, Jonson specialized in city comedies with plenty of contemporary references.
琼森和莎士比亚不同的是 他比较擅长写反映当代社会的都市喜剧
Like Shakespeare, and everyone it seems, his work is deeply indebted to Ploutus and Terence.
不过他们也有相同的一面 这一面好像各大家都有 即他们的作品都深受普罗图斯和特伦斯的影响
Jonson is best known for his Comedies of the Humours.
琼森最出名的是他的讽刺喜剧
The theory of the four humours said that bodies were composed of black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm
气质论认为：人体由黑胆汁、黄胆汁、血液和痰组成
and that illness resulted when the humours were out of balance.
当气质失去平衡时疾病就出现了
Bring on the leeches and the purgatives.
给我来一打水蛭和泻药
But even in a healthy body, it was thought one or two humours predominated
不过即使是健康的身体也会含一两种占主导地位的气质
and these determined someone's personality which could be bilious, choleric, sanguine or phlegmatic.
而这些气质决定了一个人的性格 比如胆汁质啊多血质啊或者粘液质啊什么的
Yorick is a phlegmat through and through, well, except for the parts of him that are hollow.
尤里克除去身体中空的部分就是一个典型的的粘液质人格
Anyway, if you read Jonson, you'll find that his vision of humanity is a lot less expansive than Shakespeare's, but he's still a lot of fun.
话说回来 如果你读过琼森的作品你会发现他对人性的理解远不如莎士比亚那样全面透彻 不过还是蛮有趣的
Let's look at one of Jonson's greatest plays: Volpone,
我们来看一部琼森的比较牛逼的戏剧
first performed at the Globe by Shakespeare's company, The King's Men.
由莎士比亚剧团“国王剧团”在环球剧院进行的首演
It's a comedy that takes an intensely skeptical view of human nature.
这是一部对人性持强烈怀疑态度的喜剧
Volpone is about humans behaving like animals. If animals behaved really poorly and then lawyered up.
《狐坡尼》 讲的是人类像动物一样做事 如果动物们举止败坏 那么 法庭见
You can think of it as the crass menagerie.
你可以把它当成一个粗俗的动物园
Volpone, whose name means fox, comes up with a hilarious prank.
有一个名叫狐坡尼(意思是“狐狸”)的人 他想出了一个滑稽的恶作剧
He's going to fool a bunch of his friends into thinking he's on his death bed.
他要戏弄自己的一群朋友 让他们以为自己要死了
LOL. So with the help of his servant Mosca, which means fly, he pretends to be violently ill.
呵呵哒 所以在他的仆人莫斯卡(意思是“飞”)的帮助下他假装得了重病
Voltore, Vulture, Corbaccio, Raven, and Corvino, Crow, all come to his house in Venice,
沃特瑞、沃查尔、卡巴乔、雷文 还有科尔维诺、克劳 都来到了他在威尼斯的家里
bringing lavish gifts because they're hoping Volpone will bequeath them all his stuff.
并全都带着贵重的礼物 因为他们都希望狐坡尼能把自己所有的东西都遗赠给他们
Corbaccio disinherits his son just to impress Volpone.
卡巴乔剥夺了自己儿子的继承权只为给狐坡尼留下深刻印象
Corvino agrees to let Volpone sleep with his young beautiful wife.
而科尔维诺则同意让狐坡尼和自己年轻漂亮的妻子乱搞
The beautiful wife resists, and Corbaccio's disinherited son rescues her.
漂亮的妻子进行了反抗 之后是卡巴乔那被剥夺了继承权的儿子救了她
They accuse Volpone of attempted rape, but Voltore, a lawyer, has the wife and the son imprisoned instead.
他们指控狐坡尼强奸未遂 不过 沃特瑞是一名律师 他把科尔维诺的妻子和儿子一起关进了监狱
What a fowl move.
做得好？！
Thinking like a fox, Volpone then decides it will be even more hilarious if he pretends to be dead,
狐坡尼有着像狐狸一样的思考方式 他想如果自己装死那样会更搞笑
and makes everyone believe he's left his fortune to Mosca.
他让所有人都相信自己把财产留给了莫斯卡(仆人)
The bird dudes go to court to contest Volpone's will.
之后这些鸟人们便上了法庭来挑战狐坡尼的意志
Mosca tries to keep Volpone's money.
而莫斯卡则想方设法保住狐坡尼的这笔钱
Volpone shows up in court and tells everyone what jerks the bird guys are.
再后来狐坡尼出现在法庭上并公开了鸟人们的所有混蛋行为
I mean, he's not wrong?
说到底 他有错吗？
The judge punishes them, but because it's finally time for a little moral authority,
法官惩罚了他们 因为是时候展示最后的道德权威了
he also punishes Volpone and Mosca and I mean, he's not wrong either.
此外法官还惩罚了狐坡尼和莫斯卡 我说 莫斯卡也没做错什么吧
By the end, Volpone has lost his money and his health, and he's going to prison, maybe forever.
最后 狐坡尼失去了自己的钱和健康而且还要去坐牢 大概是终生监禁
I'm never going to look at a fox the same way again.
看来以后必须对狐狸刮目相看
Thank you Thought Bubble!
谢谢思想泡泡
I guess that was funny?
我想还是挺有意思的哈？
As you can see, this is a comedy that feels very different from the comedies of Shakespeare.
是的 这部戏剧给人的感觉和莎士比亚的喜剧截然不同
It's compact and elegantly plotted, but the psychology is a lot less nuanced.
情节紧凑优美 然而心理上却少了些微妙之处
The morality is a lot less ambiguous, and characters are more stereotypical and thin stand-ins for animals.
道德上则少了很多模棱两可的东西 角色更刻板、更像动物
We laugh with Shakespeare's characters, but we laugh at Jonson's characters as they basically try to out-terrible one another.
我们和莎士比亚笔下的人物一起欢笑 也会去嘲笑琼森笔下的人物 因为说到底他们彼此一直在试图互相超越
And whereas women are the center of Shakespeare's comedies, in Jonson's comedies, they hardly matter at all.
“女人”在莎士比亚的喜剧里举足轻重 而在琼森的喜剧里却几乎无人问津
In Volpone, Corvino's wife Celia is only present as a potential rape victim.
在《狐坡尼》里科尔维诺的妻子只是一个潜在的强奸受害者
Her own thoughts and desires don't matter, which is ugly.
她自己的想法和欲望并不重要 这很丑陋
And where Shakespeare's tone is fairly hopeful in the comedies, Jonson's is not.
莎士比亚喜剧的调调儿是充满希望的 而琼森则不同
Does Jonson seem dark? Well, theater is actually about to get a lot darker
琼森腹黑吗？嗯 戏剧其实会变得越来越腹黑
with incest, werewolves, poisoned incense, poisoned pictures, poisoned swords,
因为会出现乱伦啊狼人啊有毒的熏香啊有毒的图片啊有毒的剑啊等等什么的
poisoned everything, basically, including poisoned skulls.
所有东西都是有毒的 还有有毒的头骨
I wonder if there's something Yorick is keeping from me.
我在疑惑尤里克是不是有什么事情瞒着我？？？
