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If you've ever been part of a large crowd, like cheering for your team at a big game, you know that people seem to transform when they're in a group.
不知道你是否曾待在过人群中，比如在一场大型比赛中为你支持的球队欢呼。人们在一个群体中时，似乎会发生变化。
They chant, they clap, they sing, they do things they'd never do in public on their own.
他们叫喊、拍手、唱歌，做着他们自己在公共场合从未做过的事情。
The weirdest thing?
最奇怪的事？
They manage to do it in sync, sometimes even when there's nobody up there leading them.
他们设法一起做，有时甚至没有人领导他们。
It might sound weird, but a throng of people chanting ‘Dee-Fense!' actually tells us a lot about how we interact with one another, in, and out of, a group.
这可能听起来很奇怪，但是一大群人高喊“防守”时，实际上告诉了我们很多关于我们如何在团体内外互动的信息。
So how do people know how to coordinate a chant or a cheer?
那么，人们如何共同吟唱或欢呼呢？
It turns out that they kind of can't help it.
结果发现，他们是情不自禁那样做的。
When people are together, they tend to unconsciously sync their movements.
当人们在一起时，他们往往会无意识地同步去做彼此之间的动作。
When researchers ask a group of people to, say, move one arm around, they generally start to coordinate.
当研究人员让一组人移动一只手臂时，他们通常会开始协调配合。
In one study in 2006, this happened even when the participants were specifically told not to sync up.
在2006年的一项研究中，即使告诉参与者不要同步去做某事，这种情况还是会发生。
This tendency is similar to something scientists call automatic mimicry.
这种趋势类似于科学家所说的自动模仿。
That's what happens when you yawn after someone else does, or smile when someone smiles at you.
当你跟在别人后面打哈欠，或者当别人对你微笑时，就会发生这种情况。
Researchers hypothesize that our tendency to copy each other plays a big role in the development of empathy -- or relating to someone else's mental and emotional state.
研究人员假设，相互模仿的倾向在共情的发展中，或是理解他人的心理和情感状态中起着很大的作用。
Being able to recognize and mimic other people's actions may actually lead to taking on their emotions.
能够识别和模仿他人的行为，实际上可能导致受他们的情绪影响。
Sharing emotions helps us communicate and cooperate, which makes it easier to live in groups and may help ensure the survival of our species.
分享情感有助于我们交流和合作，这使我们更容易群居，有助于确保我们物种的生存。
That might explain why studies have found that when people are feeling excluded from a group, they're more likely to mimic the people in that group.
这或许可以解释为什么研究发现，当人们感觉被排除在一个群体之外时，他们更可能模仿这个群体中的人。
Maybe in hopes of being invited back into the fold.
也许是希望能被邀请回到群体中去。
And no wonder you'd want back in.
你想回来其实不足为奇。
Syncing your actions with a group helps create a feeling of unity.
让自己的动作与群体同步，有助于营造一种团结的感觉。
When people move or chant together, their breathing and sometimes even their heart rates literally sync up.
当人们一起移动或欢唱时，他们的呼吸，有时甚至是心率都是同步的。
It affects their interactions afterward, too.
这也会影响他们随后的互动。
For example, a 2009 study by researchers at Stanford University tested whether doing things in synchrony as a group would make people more likely to cooperate.
例如，斯坦福大学的研究人员在2009年进行的研究中，测试了在一个群体中同步行事是否会使人们更有可能合作。
The researchers had around 100 American college students listen to music on headphones and sing along while they moved a cup in time with the music.
研究人员让大约100名美国大学生戴着耳机听音乐，边走边唱，并拿着杯子随音乐上一起移动。
In some conditions, the music played out of sync, so that people were basically doing their task independently.
在某些情况下，音乐不是同步播放的。因此，人们基本上是独立完成任务。
In others, the songs played in unison, so that the participants would be singing out loud together.
在其他情况下，歌曲齐声播放。所以，参与者就会异口同声地大声高唱。
Afterward, the researchers had the groups play a couple of games to see how well they worked together.
随后，研究人员让几个小组玩几场游戏，看看他们合作的程度。
The groups who sang in sync were better at cooperating and were more likely to share their resources.
同步唱歌的群体在合作方面表现得更出色，更有可能分享他们的资源。
Seems like those weird icebreaker games you do at work retreats might actually bring people together, huh?
似乎那些怪异的热场游戏，会把人们聚在一起，对吧？
But the effects of group synchrony aren't always positive.
但群体同步的影响不总是积极的。
The leader of the Stanford team published another study a few years later in 2012 showing that people basking in the joy of coordinated activity can also be destructive.
斯坦福大学的团队领导者在2012年发表了另一项研究，结果显示沉浸在协同活动乐趣中的人，也可能具有破坏性。
He had groups march around the parking lot behind an experimenter.
他让几个小组在实验者身后的停车场行走。
Some groups were in step, some weren't.
有些团体步调一致，有些则不是。
Then, the experimenter took them into a lab set up with little cups of sow bugs and a funnel.
然后，实验者将他们带入一间放有几小杯木虱和一个漏斗的实验室。
Leading to a coffee grinder.
这个漏斗连接到一个咖啡研磨机上。
Yeah.
没错。
Full disclosure, there was actually a catch in the grinder that saved the little guys before they hit the blades.
告诉你们吧，事实上，在咖啡研磨机上有个扣件，在小木虱碰到刀刃前能救它们一命。
But the participants didn't know that!
但是，参与者并不知道！
The experimenter told them to toss as many bugs into the grinder as they could in 30 seconds.
实验者让他们在30秒内，把尽可能多的虫子扔进研磨机。
Those who had walked in step together sent 38% more bugs to their deaths than those who walked out of step.
那些步调一致的人比不一致的人多扔进38%的木虱，让它们去送命。
And remember how synchrony boosts cooperation with your group?
还记得步调一致如何促进与团队合作吗？
Well, another study by that same researcher, this one from 2011, showed that it may also boost aggression toward outsiders.
2011年，同一位研究员进行的另一项研究表明，步调一致还可能促进对外来者的攻击。
In this experiment, 156 people in groups of three performed the same moving-cups-to-music task as before.
在这个实验中，156名参与者被分入三个小组，做之前那个随音乐移动杯子的任务。
But beforehand, they had to memorize a list of cities, then recall it afterward for a chance at a cash prize.
但在此之前，他们必须记住一份城市名单，之后如果回忆出来的话，可以以获得现金奖励。
That created some incentive for them to want the other groups to do worse.
这让他们希望其他组会做得更糟。
Next, they got to choose the music that the next group would listen to during their task.
接下来，他们必须选择下一组在做任务期间要听的音乐。
One of those choices was a 90-second blast of static, which would make it harder for them to perform the cup task.
其中一个选择是90秒的静电波，这将使他们更难执行移杯任务。
One of the group members, who was secretly an experimenter, would suggest they choose it.
小组中的一名成员是暗藏的实验者，他会建议成员选择它。
The groups who had moved their cups in sync were significantly more likely to choose the noise blast than those who moved out of sync.
与那些步调不一致的小组相比，同步移动杯子的小组成员更倾向选择静电波。
Which undermined the other groups.
这样做会破坏其他组完成任务。
They also reported feeling more emotional connection to their group, which the researcher found could explain most of the difference.
他们还报告说，对自己的小组有更多的情感联结，研究人员发现这能解释大部分的差异。
When you feel emotionally connected to someone, you might be more inclined to obey them.
当你感觉与某人有情感联结时，你可能更倾向于服从他们。
This could explain why militaries perform marching drills, even though marching has long since been replaced by other tactics on the actual battlefield.
这可以解释为什么军队要进行行军演习，尽管行军早已被战场上的其他战术所取代。
It might also explain why leaders of rallies can drum up so much agreement.
这也能解释为什么集会领导人可以达成如此多的协议。
But the good side of group synchrony is powerful too.
但群体同步协作的益处还有力量强大。
Together, crowds can pool their money for charity, take a stand for a political movement, or sing “Sweet Caroline” at the top of their lungs.
人们在一起可以把钱用于慈善事业，支持一场政治运动，或者大声高唱“亲爱的卡洛琳”。
Whether it's positive or negative, the synchrony of crowds shows that our need to bond with our fellow humans runs deep.
无论是积极还是消极，人群表现出来的步调一致表明，与同伴建立联结的需要深深扎根于我们的心底。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych, which was brought to you with the help of our patrons on Patreon.
感谢收看这一集的心理科学秀，我们在赞助人Patreon的帮助下为您献上本期节目。
If you're interested in being a part of what we do here, check out patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想参与我们的工作，请访问patreon.com/scishow。
