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We all have that one friend, you know the one who's a bit more organized and stubborn and who sometimes gets upset if they or you screw up.
我们都有这样的朋友，他很有条理，比较顽固，如果你或他们把事情搞砸时，他有时就会很生气。
You might have even heard someone insult them by calling them anal.
你甚至可能听到有人把他们叫做肛门，来侮辱他们。
But wait, that doesn't make any sense.
但是等一下，这说不通啊。
Why does being rigid and organized have anything to do with butts?
为什么死板和有条理，与屁股有关呢？
Well, if you were to ask Sigmund Freud quite a bit.
你可以问问西格蒙德·弗洛伊德。
But also he'd be wrong. That insult of calling someone anal though does come right out of Freud's work.
但他也错了，尽管称某人为肛门来进行侮辱，确实出自弗洛伊德的文章。
It's related to anal retentive fixation, which is supposedly the result of unresolved conflicts between you and your caregivers during potty training.
这与肛门固着有关，据说这是源于便盆训练期间，你与看护者之间未解决的冲突。
But like so many things Freud thought it's kind of bogus.
但像弗洛伊德认为的很多事情一样，这并非事实。
So, why do we still spend so much time talking about the student psychology classes?
那我们为什么还要花这么多时间讨论学生的心理学课程呢？
The short answer is that there were a few things Freud got right that were really important,
简短的回答是，对于有些事情，弗洛伊德是正确的，这非常重要。
but also psychologists now want to take the lead on debunking some of the nonsense he started in their field if you haven't heard of the guy.
但是，心理学家现在想揭穿他在该领域里说过的一些谬论，如果你不知道这个人，我来介绍一下。
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who popularized loads of ideas about psychology across the United States and Europe.
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德是一位奥地利神经学家，他在美国和欧洲推广了大量有关心理学的思想。
Some of his ideas were pretty reasonable and are still supported today.
他的一些想法相当有道理，至今仍得到人们的支持。
For example Freud believed that the experiences you had growing up can influence how you behave now, but even more of his ideas were kind of out there.
例如，弗洛伊德认为，成长过程中的经历可以影响现在的行为方式，但他还有更多的观点。
Like Freud also thought that while growing up your unconscious mind spent time focused on each erogenous zone like the mouths anus and genitals.
比如，弗洛伊德也认为，在成长过程中，潜意识会把精力集中在每个性爱区域，比如口腔、肛门和生殖器上。
He also suggested that children work through sexual frustrations with their opposite sex parent and that women suffer from penis envy. Really?
他还提出，孩子们要经历与异性父母的性挫折，而女人们则饱受阴茎嫉妒之苦。真的吗？
So it can seem really weird or even harmful that psych classes devote time to his work.
所以，心理学课程花时间研究他的著作，似乎真是很奇怪，甚至还有害。
But there are reasons for it.
但这样做是有原因的。
One reason is historical Freud did get some things right and that became the foundation of future more trustworthy research.
其中一个原因是佛洛伊德确实做了一些正确的事，而这些事都为未来进行更为值得信赖的研究打下了基石。
For example, Freud popularized the idea that people are influenced by an unconscious mind meaning that your thoughts and behaviors might not all be under your conscious control.
例如，弗洛伊德普及了这样一种观点，即人们受到无意识思维的影响。这意味着你的思想和行为，可能并不都在意识的控制之下。
He wasn't the first to introduce the idea.
他并非第一个提出这种想法的人。
But he was among the first to talk about it without mentioning like ghosts or demons instead.
但他是最早谈论它时，没有提及鬼怪或恶魔之类事情的人。
He thought your unconscious mind grew from your experiences and modern attachment theory grew directly from those ideas in other words.
他认为无意识思维基于你的经验，而现代依恋理论直接源于这些想法。
Psychologists now think that the experiences in your relationship with your caregiver can influence how you develop relationships later in life.
现在，心理学家认为，你与看护者之间经历的事情，会影响今后发展各种关系的方式。
Although no one today could legitimately argue that it has to do with your erogenous zones.
尽管今天没人能合理地争辩说，这与你的性敏感区有关。
It's still based on the insight that unremembered experiences as a child can influence you as an adult, which was a fairly new idea at the time.
但它仍然基于这样一种见解：儿童时期遗忘的经历可以在成年后影响你，这在当时是一个相当新的观点。
Another reason that Freud is still taught today is because sometimes Freudian therapy can still kind of work.
现在还在讲授弗洛伊德观点的另一个原因是，他的疗法有时仍然能发挥作用。
Most of Freud's theoretical ideas about how the mind operated were based on his clinical work with patients.
弗洛伊德有关心理运作方式的大部分理论观点，都基于他对病人的临床工作。
That kind of therapy is called psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy.
这种方法称为精神分析或精神动力疗法。
It involves a lot of talking and sorting through supposedly unconscious processes.
它涉及到大量的谈话和通过假定的无意识过程进行分类。
And although Freudian theory is now mostly abandoned some meta analyses have shown that psychodynamic therapy can be effective, at least depending on what you compare it to.
尽管弗洛伊德的大部分理论现在被抛弃了，但一些元分析却表明，心理动力疗法有效，至少取决于你将其与什么方法相比较。
For example, a 2012 meta-analysis of 11 studies found that psychoanalytic therapy was somewhat effective for a variety of disorders if you compared it to treatments that didn't involve talk therapy.
例如，2012年对11项研究进行的元分析发现，如果将精神分析疗法与不涉及谈话的疗法进行比较，它对多种疾病都有一定的疗效。
But it didn't seem that useful if you compared it to anything else.
但如果你把它和其他疗法进行比较，就似乎没什么用了。
Another meta-analysis in 2008 looked at more than 23 studies that compared long-term psychodynamic therapy to shorter therapies.
2008年进行的另一项元分析，考察了超过23个将长期心理动力疗法与短期疗法进行比较的研究。
And it found that spending more time in psychodynamic treatment was generally better for personality functioning and reducing symptoms.
结果发现，花更多时间进行心理动力学治疗的患者，通常在人格功能和减轻症状方面都表现得更好。
There are plenty of caveats to this though for one.
不过，存在很多注意事项。
Even if the overall results were promising, the studies in the meta analyses did seem to vary a lot.
即使总体结果表明存在希望，但元分析中的研究似乎存在很大的差异。
Some found that Freudian therapy worked really well and others not so much that suggests there could be other variables at work.
一些研究发现佛洛伊德的疗法确实很有效，而另一些则发现效果并不理想，这表明在治疗过程中可能存在其他变量。
Also, most of these studies compared Freudian methods to shorter treatments or to no treatments at all.
而且，这些研究大多将弗洛伊德的疗法与短疗程或不治疗进行比较。
Ultimately the takeaway here. Is that if you're looking for a therapist?
最后，要记住的是什么呢。如果你在寻找治疗师，该怎么选择？
You might find that someone practicing a more Freudian style actually works well for you or you might find better results elsewhere.
你可能发现，更多地使用弗洛伊德方法的治疗师很适合你，或者你可能在其他地方获得更好的治疗。
Regardless, because these types of therapies do still exist, the idea they're based on are important to know about.
不管怎样，因为这些类型的治疗方法仍然存在，了解它们依据的理论是非常重要的。
Finally, one last reason you still hear about Freud in class is that psychologists are trying to take responsibility for the mess their field made and are trying to clean things up a bit.
最后一个你还能在课堂上听到弗洛伊德理论的原因是，心理学家正试图为该研究领域里的混乱局面负责，并试图把事情梳理清晰。
In the past century Freud and his ideas got really popular.
在过去的一个世纪里，弗洛伊德和他的思想变得非常流行。
So, students come into psychology courses with all kinds of ideas about the guy and your professors need to point out which ones are flat-out wrong.
因此，学生们来上心理学课时，对他抱有各种各样的想法，教授们需要指出哪些想法是完全错误的。
Plus Freud isn't just in psychology class anymore.
另外，弗洛伊德也不再只出现在心理学课堂上。
2008 study of course descriptions at 150 colleges and universities found that 86% of courses referencing psychoanalysis were taught outside psych departments.
2008年对150所高校课程描述的研究发现，86%涉及心理分析的课程都在心理系外教授。
The researchers found that Freud's work is brought up across the humanities including in English departments.
研究人员发现，弗洛伊德的工作跨越人文学科，包括英语系。
So the hope is that if you learn about him in psych class, you should be able to sort out fact from fiction if you run into him in another course.
所以，如果你在心理学课堂上学到有关他的内容，应该在另一门课上遇到他时，能够分清哪些是事实，哪些是虚构。
If you're suffering through the boring parts of intro psych wondering why you're spending so much time talking about this old dead bearded wrong dude.
如果你正忍受着心理学课程介绍部分的无聊内容，想知道干嘛你要花这么多时间谈论这个满脸胡子的老家伙的错误观念。
Don't worry too much. Our professor is just trying to give you some historical context about how psychology has grown and clean up some of the messes the field is made.
不用太担心，教授只是想给你一些历史背景，告诉你心理学是如何发展的，并且梳理一下这个领域中的混乱局面。
If you've watched a few episodes of sci-show psych, you've probably picked up on the fact that we're really curious people who love learning about the mind and about the world.
如果你看过几集心理科学秀的话，可能会发现我们是非常具有好奇心的人，喜欢了解人的心灵、了解这个世界。
That's why this episode is brought to you by curiosity stream, their subscription-based streaming service that offers more than 2400 documentaries and nonfiction titles.
这就是这集节目是由curiosity stream制作的原因，他们的订阅式流媒体服务提供2400多部纪录片和纪实性作品。
Many of them come from the world's best filmmakers and they're super interesting.
其中许多都由世界一流的电影制作人制作，而且还超有趣。
For example, we just found one called light on earth. That's all about bioluminescence and it's narrated by Sir David Attenborough.
例如，我们刚找到一部叫做地球之光的片子。讲述的都是生物体发光，由大卫·艾登堡爵士配音。
So like, you know, it's good.
很不错的片子。
If you want to check it out, you can get 31 days of curiosity stream for free.
如果你想看看，可以免费观看31天的curiosity stream视频。
Just go to CURIOSITYSTREAM.COM/PSYCH and use the promo code psych during the signup process.
只要进入CURIOSITYSTREAM.COM/PSYCH，在注册时使用促销代码psych就行了。
After that a subscription only costs $2.99 per month besides learning cool stuff. You'll also be supporting sci-show.
每月花2.99美元，就能学到超酷的知识，你还能以此来支持科学秀节目。
So, thank you.
谢谢你们了。
