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This video was made possible thanks to our friends over at hollywood health and society who sponsored this video.
感谢我们在好莱坞健康与社会的朋友们赞助了这个视频。
Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin.
大家好，欢迎来到大脑洞开的生命奇想！
In the world of science, it's not just about coming up with the latest and greatest equation or piece of tech, but also making sure that it can indeed help the world.
科学并不仅仅是要提出最新的、最伟大的方程式和技术，而且要确保它确实能帮助我们的世界。
That's where the science of medicine comes in.
这就是医学科学的作用。
Before a doctor can prescribe a drug or treatment, it has to be tested in clinical trials to verify it's both effective and safe for people to use.
在医生开药或治疗之前，它必须经过临床试验的检验，以证明它对人们既有效又安全。
So, just what is a clinical trial you might ask?
那你可能会问什么是临床试验呢？
Well, using volunteers or participants, a clinical trial is a research study that's meant to evaluate a new or existing medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention.
临床试验是一项志愿者或参与人参与的研究，旨在评估新的或现有的药物、外科或行为干预。
They let us see if a specific treatment — maybe a medical device like a pacemaker or a vaccine to prevent chicken pox — is safe, effective,
他们让我们知晓一种特定的治疗方法——也许是一种医疗设备，比如起搏器或预防水痘的疫苗——是否安全有效，
and if it has any bad side effects… which are all very important! And something you might not know,
是否有任何的不好的副作用，这是非常重要的！有件事你可能不知道，
Because we are all different, drugs don't affect everyone the same way.
因为我们每个人都是不一样的，所以药物对每个人的影响也是不同的。
Your sex, age, and ethnicity can play significant roles in certain health risks.
你的性别、年龄和种族可能在某些健康风险中扮演重要角色。
For instance, according to the National Cancer Institute, the incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancer are twice as high in men as they are in women.
例如，根据美国国家癌症研究所的数据，男性肾癌的发病率和死亡率是女性的两倍。
For most major cancers, black Americans have the highest mortality rate,
在大多数主要癌症中，美国黑人的死亡率最高，
while white women have the highest incidence rates for breast cancer and Asian Americans are the most likely to get liver and stomach cancers.
而白人女性乳腺癌的发病率最高，而亚裔美国人最有可能得肝癌和胃癌。
So, if you just conduct a clinical trial on one part of the population, you could be missing a lot!
所以如果你只在人口的一部分中进行临床实验，你可能会错过很多！
That's why it's very important for clinical trials and research to have diverse participants.
这就是为什么临床试验和研究有不同的参与者是非常重要的。
I mean, you should be testing whatever you're coming up with on the people it's meant to help.
我的意思是，你应该对你想要帮助的人进行测试。
The FDA themselves even say that medical products are safer and more effective for all of us when we have diversity in our clinical research.
食品及药物管理局也表示，当我们的临床研究多样化时，医疗产品对我们所有人都更安全、更有效。
That said, there's some legitimate concerns around clinical trials,
尽管如此，对于临床试验还是有一些合理的担忧，
mostly with people of color—and much of it traces back to the 40-year Tuskegee Study on the treatment of syphilis in black Americans.
主要是针对有色人种——其中大部分可以追溯到40年前塔斯基吉对美国黑人梅毒治疗的研究。
Back in 1932, this study involved 600 black men — 399 with syphilis, and 201 without it — who, in exchange for being a part of the study, were told they would get adequate treatment.
那是在1932年，这项研究涉及600名黑人男性，其中399名患有梅毒，201名没有梅毒。作为研究的一部分，他们被告知将得到足够的治疗。
But that didn't happen. Even when penicillin became the go-to treatment in 1947,
但这并没有发生。即使青霉素在1947年成为首选的治疗药物，
researchers didn't offer it to the participants or give them a chance to quit the study... which lasted for another 25 years.
研究人员并没有将青霉素提供给参与人员，或给他们机会退出研究...而研究又持续了25年。
Many men died and some of their loved ones contracted the disease. Saying it went really bad is an understatement.
许多人死去了，而他们的一些亲人感染了这种疾病。说它变得非常糟糕是一种保守的说法。
To prevent another study like Tuskegee, the government passed the National Research Act in 1974,
为了防止类似塔斯基吉的另一项研究，政府于1974年通过了《国家研究法案》，
which added many rules and regulations to protect participants and ensure every study meets a host of ethical standards before it's approved.
该法案增加了很多规则和条例来保护参与者，并且确保每项研究在获准前都要符合众多标准。
If you volunteer for a clinical trial today, rest assured, there's a whole network of Institutional Review Boards, or IRBs, that guarantee your safety and protection in the research.
今天，如果你自愿参加临床试验的话，请放心，有一个完整的机构审查委员会网络会保证你在研究中的安全。
Despite this, the FDA reported in 2011 that African Americans represent 12 percent of the U.S. population, but still only 5 percent of clinical trial participants.
尽管如此，食品及药物管理局在2011年报告说，非裔美国人占美国人口的12%，但他们仍然只占临床试验参与者的5%。
Hispanic and Latino Americans make up 16 percent of the U.S. population, but only about one percent participate in clinical trials.
西班牙裔和拉丁裔美国人占美国人口的16%，但只有大约1%的人参加临床试验。
It's all pretty clear —we need to accurately represent our populations.
一切都很清楚，在实验中我们需要精确地代表我们的人口。
The Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research Participation makes strides toward this.
临床研究参与信息和研究中心在这方面取得了进展。
It's a nonprofit organization that educates the public about the clinical research process, and also makes ongoing trials easier to locate so more people can volunteer.
这是一个非营利性组织，它向公众宣传临床研究过程，并使正在进行的试验更容易定位，以便更多的人自愿参与。
Seems like a pretty smart mission. Because if everyone participates in research studies and clinical trials, our medicines and treatments will be safer and more effective.
看起来是个很棒的事情。因为如果每个人都参与研究和临床试验，我们的药物和治疗将更安全、更有效。
And that's not just a dream… it's science. So would you ever sign up for a clinical trial?
这不仅仅是一个梦想，这是科学。你会报名参加临床试验吗?
Have you participated in one in the past? Let me know in the comment section below, or tell me, what should we talk about next?
你过去参与过吗？请在下方的评论区告诉我们，或者告诉我们，接下来我们应该讨论什么？
Down in the description we have a very quick survey about this clinical trials video.
在下面的描述中我们有一个关于这个临床试验视频的快速调查。
It would really help us if you let us know your thoughts. Check it out before you go.
你的想法真的能帮助到我们。在离开之前看看这个吧。
As always my name is Blocko, this has been Life Noggin, don't forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停！
