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Introverts can often feel antisocial — at least, in a way.
内向的人通常不擅社交——至少在某种程度上是这样。
They can feel pretty 'anti' being social, preferring to end a long week by doing their own thing instead of living it up at a big party.
他们可能会觉得自己很“不合群”，喜欢在漫长的一周结束后做自己的事情，而不是在大型派对上尽情狂欢。
But when psychologists talk about being antisocial, that's not really what they mean.
但当心理学家说到不擅社交时，真正的意思并不是这，
Instead, they're referring to behaviors like manipulation, deceitfulness, and recklessness.
而是指的是操纵、欺骗和鲁莽等行为。
In other words, someone isn't avoiding social interactions; they're engaging in negative ones.
换句话说，有些人并没有避免社交，他们在社交时表现的很消极。
And when those behaviors become a primary part of someone's personality,
当这些行为在一个人性格中占主体时，
they might be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder, or ASPD.
这些人可能会被诊断为反社会人格障碍。
It's one of the most easily misunderstood conditions out there, and it's often easy to portray someone with it as heartless.
人们很容易产生误解，通常很轻易地被将其描述为无情之人。
But that's totally not true.
但事实并非如此。
Here's what's really going on.
实际情况是这样。
ASPD affects around 1 to 3% of the population,
大约1%到3%的人患有反社会性人格障碍，
and according to the DSM-V, the latest version of the handbook doctors use to make diagnoses, it requires a few key symptoms.
根据DSM-V——医生用来诊断的最新版本手册，反社会性人格障碍有一些主要症状。
First, individuals have to show impairments in regulating their own behavior.
首先，个体必须在调节自身行为上有缺陷。
That could look like being strongly self-centered or having trouble conforming to laws or ethical norms.
看起来像是强烈的以自我为中心，或者很难遵守法律或道德规范。
They also have to show impairments in interacting with others, like by exploiting people as their main way into relationships, or by not having remorse after hurting someone.
他们还必须在与他人交往中表现出缺陷，比如利用他人作为建立人际关系的主要途径，或者在伤害他人后没有悔恨之意。
And they should frequently show so-called antagonistic or disinhibited personality traits, which include things like manipulation, hostility, risk-taking, and impulsivity.
他们应该经常表现出所谓的敌对或不受抑制的个性特征，包括操纵、敌意、冒险和冲动。
Finally, these impairments should all be stable over time and in different situations,
最后，这些障碍是不会随着时间的推移和情况的改变而变化的，
and shouldn't be better explained by things like medication, or someone's social and cultural environment.
也不应该用药物，或者某人的社会文化环境来解释。
It's also important to point out that, although they often get lumped together,
重要的一点是，尽管它们经常被归为一类，
some psychologists don't consider ASPD to be the same as psychopathy, another disorder not included in the DSM.
但是一些心理学家认为，反社会性人格障碍不等同于精神病——一种精神紊乱，不包括在DSM之内。
It's an ongoing debate, but they argue that, while these conditions share a lot of common characteristics and often happen at the same time, they don't overlap completely.
心理学家对此争论不休，但是他们认为，虽然有很多共同点，而且经常同时发生，但是并没有完全重叠。
So there's a lot that goes into ASPD, and the things that cause it seem to be equally complex.
所以，关于反社会性人格障碍有很多东西，使得它看起来同样复杂。
From what researchers can tell, the disorder has a strong genetic component, but also an environmental one.
根据研究，这种疾病不仅有很强的遗传性，还受环境的影响。
One 2010 meta-analysis suggested that around 56% of the variation in symptoms can be attributed to genetics.
2010年的一项分析显示，约56%的变异可归因于遗传。
But studies looking at how the condition develops show us that's not the whole story.
但是研究表明，从其发展情况来看，还不止于此。
Multiple papers have found that factors like abuse or neglect during childhood can make someone more likely to develop ASPD, especially if one of their parents was diagnosed with it.
多篇论文发现，童年时期的虐待或忽视等因素，尤其是如果父母一方被诊断出患有这种疾病，会使人更容易患上反社会性人格障碍。
That could be because the stress in those environments can influence gene activity, which can ultimately affect brain functioning.
这可能是因为环境压力会影响基因活动，而基因活动最终会影响大脑功能。
But that doesn't mean everyone with the disorder had a rough childhood, either.
但这并不意味着每个患有这种疾病的人童年都很糟糕。
Figuring out exactly what triggers this condition has been tricky, because it's probably not just one thing.
准确地找出触发这种情况的原因很难，因为它可能不仅仅是一件事。
Besides investigating where ASPD comes from, other researchers have also studied what it looks like in the brain.
除了研究反社会性人格障碍的来源，其他研究人员也研究了大脑结构。
And they've found that many of those with this disorder have various atypicalities in their brain's structure and function.
结果发现，很多患有这种疾病人的大脑结构和功能上都有各种各样的非典型性。
For example, a 2013 meta-analysis looked at 12 studies involving brain scans of roughly 300 individuals with antisocial behavior and almost 250 controls.
例如，2013年的一项分析涉及12个研究，研究人员对有反社会行为的300人进行了脑部扫描，250人进行了对照试验。
It found that those with antisocial behavior tended to have less gray matter in three areas involved with emotional processing.
研究发现，那些有反社会行为人的大脑中与情绪处理有关的三个区域的灰质较少。
Gray matter is the type of tissue that contains most of the brain's cell bodies and synapses.
灰质是包含大部分大脑细胞体和突触的一种组织。
This suggests that those with ASPD aren't just disinterested in other people's emotions.
这表明患有反社会性人格障碍的人不仅对他人的情绪不感兴趣。
Their brains actually have structural differences that make it really tricky to fully understand them.
他们的大脑结构上实际上有差异，这使得完全理解起来非常困难。
This idea was supported by another study in 2016, which looked at 83 people who had commited crimes.
这一观点得到了2016年另一项研究的支持，该研究调查了83名犯罪嫌疑人。
It found that participants with ASPD had more trouble visualizing the mental states of others.
研究发现，患有反社会性人格障碍的参与者在想象他人心理状态方面的困难要更多。
That likely explains why many people with this disorder become involved with things like crime or illicit drugs.
这可能解释了为什么许多患有这种疾病的人会卷入犯罪或非法毒品等事件。
If someone can't easily picture other people's reaction to their behavior, it could make those kinds of activities seem less harmful.
如果一个人无法轻易地描绘出其他人对自己行为的反应，这可能会让这些行为看起来不那么有害。
Thanks to its symptoms, it can be really easy to think ASPD makes someone totally incapable of having close relationships —
根据这些症状，我们可以很轻易地认为，反社会性人格障碍使人无法无法与别人保持亲密——
or that someone with it would even want them.
或者说反社会性人格障碍的人甚至想要这种亲密。
But that isn't true.
但事实并非如此。
Many will love and appreciate a select handful of close family or friends, and their symptoms might even be less severe around them.
许多人喜欢和重视少数几个亲密的家人或朋友，他们周围的症状甚至可能不那么严重。
But outside of that inner circle, the condition make it much harder to have empathy or feelings towards others.
但在这个核心圈子之外，这种情况会让你更难对他人产生同理心或感觉。
Still, many with ASPD will hide their diagnosis purely because of the stigma attached to it— which is never a good thing.
尽管如此，许多患有反社会性人格障碍的人会完全隐藏他们的诊断，因为这是一种耻辱，这从来都不是一件好事。
Like with any personality disorder, it's important to remember that, even if someone's brain works differently… well, that just means it works differently.
就像任何一种人格障碍一样，重要的是要记住，即使某人的大脑运作方式不同，也只是意味着方式不同而已。
It doesn't mean they're a lesser person because of it.
这并不意味着他们因此而低人一等。
For psychologists, the next big steps in research are to learn more about what causes the disorder,
对心理学家来说，研究的下一个重要步骤是了解更多障碍产生的原因，
and also how to treat it, since these symptoms often disrupt someone's quality of life.
以及如何治疗，因为这些症状通常会影响人们的生活质量。
That said, treatment options are pretty limited right now.
也就是说，目前的治疗方法非常有限。
Some studies suggest that methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy, which is designed to change negative thought patterns and behaviors, may help.
一些研究表明，旨在改变消极思维模式和行为的认知行为疗法可能会有所帮助。
But other studies showed no effect.
但其他研究没有显示出效果。
The good news is, we are getting better at treating conditions like this in general.
好消息是，总的来说，我们在这一情况的处理上做得越来越好。
In the past, psychologists concluded that personality disorders just can't be addressed with treatment.
过去，心理学家得出结论：人格障碍不能通过治疗来解决。
But that idea has recently begun to change, and we're starting to see more effective therapies for other personality disorders.
但是最近这一想法开始改变，我们开始看到对其他人格障碍更有效的治疗方法。
So, maybe in the future, we'll see some reliable treatment options for this one, too.
所以，在未来，也许我还会看到一些可靠的治疗方法。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看本期心理科学秀！
We believe psychology is all about understanding what makes us human, and we're really thankful for our patrons on Patreon who help us keep making episodes like this.
我们相信，心理学是关于了解我们成为人类的原因，我们真的很感谢Patreon对本节目的支持，他们帮助我们不断制作这样的剧集。
If you want to support free psychology education online and help us explore more of what makes us tick, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想支持免费的在线心理学内容，帮助我们探索更多令人兴奋的知识，可以访问patreon.com/scishow。
