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It's pretty widely known that what someone does while they're pregnant can affect their baby in big ways.
众所周知，人在怀孕期间的行为在很大程度上会影响到孩子。
Like, you might have heard how pregnant people should stay away from certain foods, like some kinds of raw fish,
比如，你可能听说过孕妇应该远离某些食物，比如某些生鱼片，
because of the potential negative health effects.
因为它对人的健康会造成潜在的威胁。
But it turns out that a pregnant person's diet could have less significant effects on their baby, too.
但事实证明，孕妇的饮食对宝宝的影响可能也没那么大。
Some research suggests that what they eat during pregnancy might affect the flavors their child likes even years after birth.
一些研究表明，孕妇在怀孕期间吃的食物可能会在孩子出生几年后影响孩子喜欢的口味，
So whether you're a huge fan of garlic or can't get enough of sugary cereals, your time in the womb might be at least partly responsible.
所以，不管你是大蒜的超级粉丝，还是不能摄入足够的含糖谷类食物，你在子宫里的经历可能至少是部分原因。
We experience flavors mainly thanks to our senses of taste and smell, specifically, to the taste receptors in our mouths and the smell receptors in our noses.
我们体验味道主要归功于我们的味觉和嗅觉，特别是我们口中的味觉感受器和鼻子里的嗅觉感受器。
In the womb, these cells begin developing pretty early, sometime around the first trimester.
在子宫中，这些细胞很早大约在怀孕的前三个月就开始发育。
But since a fetus gets its nutrients through blood vessels in the umbilical cord, it might seem like these cells just don't experience much for a while.
但是由于胎儿的营养是通过脐带中的血管获得的，所以看似这些细胞似乎暂时没有体验太多的味道。
Except, they totally do.
然而，并不是这样。
See, during development, a fetus is surrounded by a protective liquid called the amniotic fluid.
胎儿在发育过程中被一种叫做羊水的保护性液体包围着。
As they grow, they start to frequently inhale and swallow this stuff, and it's not just some tasteless goop.
随着成长，宝宝开始频繁地吸入和吞咽这些液体，不仅仅是一些无味的黏糊糊的东西。
Research has shown that what a pregnant person eats can actually affect how this liquid smells and tastes.
研究表明，孕妇的饮食实际上会影响这种液体的气味和味道。
For example, a study published in 1995 in Chemical Senses found that when five pregnant women took garlic pills, samples of the amniotic fluid from four of them smelled like garlic.
例如，1995年发表在Chemical Senses 杂志上的一项研究发现，当五名孕妇服用大蒜药丸时，其中四名孕妇的羊水样本闻起来像大蒜。
And other studies with different flavors have found similar results.
其他不同味道的研究也发现了类似结果。
Now, we can't say for sure that fetuses can actually recognize the taste of this fluid.
现在，我们不能确定胎儿是否真的能识别这种液体的味道。
But they have been observed swallowing more of it when it tastes sweeter, and less when it tastes bitter, which suggests they might know what's going on.
但是他们观察到，当食物尝起来更甜时，胎儿会吞下更多，而当食物尝起来更苦时，胎儿会吞下更少，这表明胎儿可能知道发生了什么。
Either way, we can definitely say that before birth, their taste and smell receptors are getting drenched in this stuff.
不管怎样，我们可以肯定地说，在出生前，孩子的味觉和嗅觉被这些物质浸透了。
But just because you're exposed to the taste of garlic during development doesn't necessarily mean you'll come into the world craving pasta.
但是，仅仅因为你在发育过程中接触到了大蒜的味道，并不一定意味着你会渴望面食。
To figure that out, researchers have also investigated whether so-called prenatal taste experiences can have lasting effects even after birth.
为了弄清楚这一点，研究人员还调查了所谓的产前味觉体验是否会在孩子出生后产生持久的影响。
The main study on this, which was published in the journal Pediatrics, came out in 2011, and it looked at almost 50 pregnant women, divided into three roughly equal groups.
发表在2011年《小儿科》杂志上的这方面主要研究调查了近50名孕妇，大致分为三组。
One group drank carrot juice several times a week for three weeks during their last trimester.
其中一组在最后三个月每周喝几次胡萝卜汁，持续三周。
Another drank water during pregnancy but carrot juice while they were nursing, since flavor can also be transmitted through breast milk.
另一组在怀孕期间喝水，但在哺乳期间喝胡萝卜汁，因为味道也可以通过母乳传播。
And the third group just drank water.
第三组只喝水。
Once their babies were a few months old and starting to eat solid food, the moms brought them into the lab, and the babies were recorded eating two types of cereal.
当宝宝几个月大，开始吃固体食物时，妈妈们把将其带到实验室，记录下宝宝吃两种谷物的情况。
One type was unflavored, and the other was flavored with carrot juice.
一种是无味的，另一种是用胡萝卜汁调味的。
Then, the researchers had the moms, who weren't told the point of the study, rate how much they thought their kids enjoyed the food.
然后，研究人员让没有被告知研究目的的妈妈们给孩子对食物的喜爱程度进行评分。
Carrot cereal sounds pretty gross, but it turned out that the babies who were exposed to that flavor in the womb were rated as liking it more than the other two groups of kids.
胡萝卜麦片听起来很恶心，但事实证明，在子宫里就接触过这种味道的宝宝比其他两组孩子更喜欢。
This was backed up by video recordings of the taste test, too.
这也得到了味觉测试录像的支持。
Overall, babies who had been exposed to the carrot flavor before birth, or during nursing,
总的来说，那些在出生前或者在哺乳期间就接触过胡萝卜味道的宝宝，
made significantly fewer negative faces in the first two minutes of the taste test when eating that cereal.
在吃麦片的前两分钟的味觉测试中，做出负面表情的人要少得多。
So, what pregnant people might actually affect how much their baby enjoys certain foods.
所以，孕妇的饮食可能会影响宝宝对某些食物的喜爱程度。
In a way, this isn't that surprising, because we all tend to like things that we're familiar with.
在某种程度上，这并不奇怪，因为我们都倾向于喜欢我们熟悉的东西。
But the fact that this whole process begins before you're even born is pretty mind-blowing.
但事实上，整个过程在你出生之前就开始了，这是非常令人兴奋的。
Like, these babies enjoyed carrots before they had eaten a single piece of actual food.
比如，这些宝宝在吃下一片真正的食物之前就喜欢吃胡萝卜。
Of course, this study is really the only one that's explored prenatal taste experiences so far, so more research would help prove this.
当然，到目前为止，这项研究是唯一一项探索产前味觉体验的研究，所以更多的研究将有助于证明这一点。
But there have been more studies done about how what a baby eats early in life can affect their preferences.
但是已经有更多关于宝宝的早期饮食如何影响他们偏好的研究。
And those effects seem to last well into childhood.
这些影响似乎会一直持续到童年。
Most of these studies focused on breastmilk and formula.
这些研究大多集中在母乳和配方奶粉上。
People who are breastfeeding tend to have diets that include lots of different flavors.
母乳喂养的人往往会有很多不同口味的饮食。
And since flavors are passed through the milk, that means their baby experiences them, too.
因为味道是通过牛奶传递的，这就意味着他们的宝宝也会体验到这种味道。
Some studies have shown that this early variety is linked to kids eating more vegetables, or at least being willing to try them, when they're as old as six or seven.
一些研究表明，这种早期的蔬菜品种与孩子吃更多的蔬菜，或者至少在他们六、七岁的时候愿意尝试蔬菜有关。
Basically, the idea is that because they experienced so many tastes in infancy, they're more willing to try new flavors when they're older.
基本上，这种想法是因为他们在婴儿时期经历了如此多的口味，当他们长大后，他们更愿意尝试新的口味。
Kids who are given formula tend to have a less varied taste experience,
食用配方奶粉的孩子，他们的味觉体验变化更少，
but research shows that formula affects their taste development, too.
但研究表明，配方也会影响孩子的味觉发育。
Like, one 2010 study with more than 800 ten-year-olds found that
比如，2010年一项针对800多名10岁儿童的研究发现
the kids who were fed a certain formula as babies were more willing to accept a similar flavor than kids who were fed something else as infants.
婴儿时期吃某种配方奶粉的孩子比吃其他东西的孩子更愿意接受类似配方奶粉的味道。
All this suggests that what your parent ate during pregnancy, or what you were fed shortly after birth, can have surprisingly long-lasting impacts on your life.
所有这些都表明，你的妈妈在怀孕期间吃的食物，或者你出生后不久吃的食物，对你的生活有着意想不到的长期影响。
There aren't studies looking at how this all applies to, say, college students,
没有研究关注这些是如何应用于，比如大学生，
and there are plenty of other things that go into your favorite foods, like sociocultural factors, genetics, and even how the food is presented.
在你最喜欢的食物中还有很多其他的东西，比如社会文化因素、基因，甚至食物的呈现方式。
But the next time you're cooking up a big batch of carrots or some garlicky past90a, know that this might have something to do with what you were eating before you were even born!
但是下次当你烹饪一大堆胡萝卜或蒜味意大利面时，要知道这可能和你出生前吃的食物有关！
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看本期心理科学秀
If you'd like to learn more about your sense of taste, and the surprising psychology that affects it,
如果你想了解更多关于味觉以及影响味觉的心理学内容，
you can watch our episode about how restaurants might be using psychology to trick you.
可以观看我们的节目，餐馆是如何利用心理学欺骗你的。
