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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin.
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想！
A lot of people have requested that I do a video on cancer, and i know it's a pretty heavy subject, but I think we can learn a lot.
很多人想让我们做一期关于癌症的视频，我知道癌症是个沉重的话题，但是我觉得我们可以从中学习到很多东西。
Just reading up about it, I found that in the United States this year,
我看了一些关于癌症的数据，我发现今年在美国，
an estimated 1.7 million people will be diagnosed with cancer and an estimated 600,000 people will die of cancer.
估计有170万人将诊断为癌症，而且有600000人将死于癌症。
There will also be $5 billion spent funding the National Cancer Institute, which is the United States' main agency for cancer research and training.
美国国家癌症研究所也将获得50亿美元的资金，该研究所是美国主要的癌症研究和培训机构。
With all that money being used in research, are we close to finding a cure?
这么多钱都用在研究上，那我们是不是快要找到治愈癌症的方法了吗?
It turns out that there are some newer treatments that seem promising, and we’ll talk about those in a minute, but first, what is cancer exactly?
现在有一些新的治疗方法看起来很有前途，我们一会儿也会谈到这些方法，但是首先我们得知道，癌症到底是什么?
It’s important to note that cancer is not just one disease -- it’s a term we use that refers to a collection of over 100 diseases, including breast cancer,
需要注意的是，癌症不仅仅是一种疾病——这个词代指着100多种疾病，包括乳腺癌，
which is one of the most common cancers in women in the United States, and retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer that usually affects children 5 years or younger.
这是美国女性最常见的癌症之一，还有视网膜母细胞瘤，它是一种罕见的眼癌，通常影响5岁或5岁以下的儿童。
Cancers start off when cells go bad, accumulating specific genetic mutations, dividing out of control, and evading death.
当细胞变坏，积累特定的基因突变，分裂失控，逃避死亡时，癌症就出现了。
In most cancers, this can result in lumps, or tumors, that invade nearby tissue. Most symptoms vary depending on cancer type.
大多数癌症都会导致肿块或肿瘤的产生，而它们会侵袭周围的组织。大多数症状取决于癌症类型。
For instance, skin cancer is often associated with abnormal growths on the surface of the skin, including bumps, discoloration, lesions, or changes to existing moles.
例如，皮肤癌通常与皮肤表面的异常生长有关，包括肿块、变色、病变或现有痣的改变。
While indications for lung cancer include a persistent cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain, among others.
但是肺癌的适应症则是持续咳嗽、呼吸短促和胸痛等症状。
And each type of cancer may require a different treatment or cure.
每种癌症可能需要不同的治疗方法。
To help fight it, you can use things like high doses of radiation, chemotherapy drugs, and targeted therapy.
为了帮助对抗癌症，你可以使用高剂量的辐射、化疗药物和靶向治疗。
But even with these methods, cancer cells can still find ways to hide or build a resistance to treatment.
但即使有了这些方法，癌细胞仍然可以找到方法来隐藏或产生对治疗的抵抗力。
Here’s where the newer treatments and research comes in.
这就是新的治疗方法和研究的切入点。
Earlier this year, a study performed on mice found two new ways that could overcome resistance to a certain targeted therapy drug.
今年早些时候，在老鼠身上进行的一项研究发现了两种新的方法，这两种方法可以克服对某种靶向治疗药物的耐药性。
The resistance seems to be caused by an increase in insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar.
这种耐药性似乎是由胰岛素(一种调节血糖的激素)的增加引起的。
The researchers found that when giving the drug in conjunction with either a high-fat, ketogenic diet or with a common drug used to treat type 2 diabetes,
研究人员发现，当这种药物与高脂、生酮饮食或用于治疗2型糖尿病的普通药物联合使用时，
they saw greater tumor shrinkage than with just the targeted therapy drug alone.
他们发现肿瘤缩小程度比单独使用靶向治疗药物时要大。
There’s also a newer treatment method called immunotherapy, which helps the immune system fight cancer cells.
还有一种新的治疗方法叫免疫疗法，它能帮助免疫系统对抗癌细胞。
A recent study tested the effects of the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab, also known as Keytruda, on patients with a common type of lung cancer.
最近的一项研究测试了免疫治疗药物派姆单抗对一种常见肺癌类型的疗效。
This drug works by blocking a specific protein interaction that lets cancer cells instruct immune cells to ignore them.
这种药物通过阻断一种特定的蛋白质相互作用而起作用，这种相互作用使癌细胞指示免疫细胞忽略它们。
Used in combination with chemotherapy, researchers found that patients were 51 percent less likely to die compared to chemo patients receiving a placebo.
研究人员发现，与接受安慰剂的化疗患者相比，派姆单抗与化疗联合使用后患者的死亡率降低了51%。
Advancements like these in cancer treatment has helped patients live longer lives.
癌症治疗方面的这些进步已经帮助病人活更长的时间。
From 1991 to 2015, the rate of cancer related deaths dropped by a total of 26 percent, translating to over 2.3 million lives saved.
从1991至2015年癌症相关的死亡率总共下降了26%，这意味着超过230万人的生命得到拯救。
So, while progress may be slow, we are definitely moving in the right direction.
所以，虽然治疗癌症的进程可能有些慢，但是我们肯定是在朝着正确的方向前进。
If you have any stories, or experiences related to this subject, and you feel comfortable with sharing, let us know more in the comment section below!
如果你有任何跟本期话题相关的的故事和经历，并且你感觉可以分享的话，请在下面评论区给我们留言吧！
Be supportive. Be kind, and check out some links in the description for more resources.
保有支持和善意。你可以点击描述区的链接获取更多资源。
Curious to know how schizophrenia affects the mind? Check out this video!
想知道精神分裂症是如何影响人脑的吗？看看这个视频吧！
Schizophrenia is described as a severe and chronic mental disorder that can affect different parts of a person's life, such as how they think, feel, and make decisions.
精神分裂症是一种严重的慢性精神疾病，它可以影响一个人生活的很多方面，例如影响他们如何思考、感觉和做出决定。
As always, my name is Blocko, this has been Life Noggin, don't forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停！
