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Hi again. Welcome back to www. engvid. com. I'm Adam. Today's lesson is about IELTS.
大家好，欢迎回到www. engvid. com，我是Adam，今天的课程是关于雅思考试的。
As usual, with IELTS lessons, I will be speaking a little bit faster than normal.
和往常一样，在讲雅思课程时我的语速会比平常稍快一些。
It's good for your listening practice, but if you're not taking the IELTS, you can still listen and try to follow us as we go through this section.
这对你们的听力练习很有益，不过如果你们不考雅思，也还是可以继续听下去，在我们讲这个部分的过程中试着跟上。
So, let's begin. Today, I'm going to look at the IELTS reading section.
那我们开始吧。今天，我要讲讲雅思考试的阅读部分。
I'm going to look at three different approaches to tackling the IELTS reading section.
我要讲应对雅思考试阅读部分的三个不同的方法。
Students always ask me: "What should I do with the reading? How do I do it? How can I finish on time? How can I answer more questions?" Right?
经常有学生问我：“阅读部分我应该做什么？我要怎么做？怎么才能按时做完？怎么才能回答更多题目？”你们是不是也有这种疑问？
So I'm going to give you three approaches, three different ways to try to do the IELTS.
所以我要教给你们三种方法，三种做雅思试题的不同方法。
Okay? We're going to look at three different ways, they're completely different from each other.
我们会讲到三种不同的方法，它们彼此完全不同。
The most important thing I want to tell you before we start: you have to know what works for you.
在开始之前我想告诉你们的最重要的事情是：你们必须知道哪一种方法对你们有效。
Okay? One of these approaches will work for you; the others may not.
这些方法中有一个会对你们有效，其他的也许没有什么用。
Practice all three, if you're comfortable with one and it seems to work for you, and your score seems to be getting better, stick with that one and practice that one.
三种方法都要练习练习，如果你们觉得其中一个很合适，似乎对你们有效，而且你们的分数看上去在提高，那就坚持用那个方法，只练习那一种。
Don't try to do all three each time.
不要每次都试着用上全部三种方法。
Figure out which one works, and just practice that one the most. Okay?
弄清楚哪一个有用，然后多练习那一个，听懂了吗？
The most obvious one and the first one we're going to talk about: read the entire passage, and then tackle the questions.
我们要讲的第一个方法也是最常见的一个：读完整篇文章后再看题目。
Now, a few things to say, good and bad, about this approach.
现在我要说一下这个方法的优缺点。
So, you have 20 minutes let's say... that you're going to start from the first passage, you're going to do about 17 minutes;
假设你有20分钟......你要从第一篇文章开始，能用的时间大概17分钟；
the second passage, you're going to spend 20 minutes; the last passage, you're going to spend 23,24,25 minutes.
然后第二篇文章花上个20分钟；最后一篇文章，可以花个23,24,25分钟。
So, you have to do this very fast.
所以你们做阅读的时候必须非常快。
So: can you read the entire passage and do the questions in that time frame?
那么，你们能在那段时间内读完整篇文章并做完所有题目吗？
Okay? That's the question you must ask yourself.
你们必须问自己这个问题。
Are you a fast reader? Can you comprehend everything you're reading? How is your vocabulary? Things like this.
你们阅读的速度快不快？能不能理解自己读到的所有内容？词汇量怎么样？诸如此类。
Some people, they must read everything, from beginning to end, and then go to the questions.
有些人他们必须从头到尾看完所有内容，然后才能做题。
But they can also keep... they can retain the information they've read, so when they go to the questions, they know where to go back and look for the answers.
但是他们也能保留......他们能记住自己读过的信息，所以他们答题时知道该回到文章中哪个部分寻找答案。
Now, the good part about this is that you have all the information in your head once you've read the entire passage.
这个好的地方在于你们一旦读完了整篇文章，脑子里就掌握了所有的信息。
The bad part is that you're going to be reading the passage twice.
不好的地方在于你们要读两遍文章。
Okay? Or not the whole passage, but you're going to read big chunks of the passage twice.
或者不是整篇文章，但是文章的很多部分你们都要读两遍。
You'll have read it the first time, you'll go to the questions, and then you'll be reading again to find the answers, because you're looking for specific words now.
你们读了第一遍，然后去答题，接着又要再读一遍寻找答案，因为你们这时候要找的是具体的单词。
When you get to the questions, sometimes it's only one word difference from what you read in the passage.
你们答题的时候，有时候题目和你们在文章中看到的只是一字之差。
So, do I recommend this? Yes and no.
那么，我推不推荐这种方法呢？推荐也不推荐。
If you're a fast reader and you can comprehend, then yes, do that.
如果你们的阅读速度很快，理解力也很好，那我推荐你们这么做。
If you're not a fast reader, then no, don't do this.
如果你们阅读速度不快，那就不要这么做。
You'll be wasting too much time and reading more than you need to.
你们会浪费过多时间，而且会不必要地多阅读一遍。
What I'm going to do with these two approaches is show you how to read less.
接下来的这两个方法是告诉你们如何少阅读些内容。
So you don't need to read the entire passage; you just need to read the areas that contain the answers to the questions.
你们不需要读完整篇文章，只需要看看包含题目答案的部分就可以了。
So, the second approach: go straight to the questions.
所以，第二个方法就是：直接看题目。
You look at the question, first of all, understand the type of the question.
去看题目，首先弄懂题目的类型。
Is it a multiple choice? Is it a fill-in-the-blank, like a summary? Are you looking for like headings for each paragraph? Are you looking for the title? Etc.
是单选题还是填空题，比如总结？你们要找的是每一段的标题还是文章的标题？等等。
Figure out what you're looking for, read the question carefully, pick out the keywords in the question or the key idea in the question, and then scan the passage.
弄清楚要找什么，仔细阅读题目，挑出题目里的关键词或者题目的主旨，然后快速浏览文章。
Don't read the passage, just quickly look everywhere for where that information ought to be.
不要逐字逐字阅读文章，只是快速地四处找找信息应该在哪里。
Now, keep in mind, you're going to have a...let's say you're going to have four questions in one section, four types of questions.
牢牢记住，每一篇文章之后你们要回答四个问题，四种题目。
Start with 15, figure out what it's asking, go to the passage, find out the area where that information is, and then start reading there to try to answer as many of the questions as you can.
从第十五题开始，弄清楚题目中问了什么，然后去文章中找到信息所在区域，接着从那儿开始阅读试着尽可能多回答一些问题。
The problem with this approach is that sometimes question 15, the answer will be here; question 16, the answer will be here.
这个方法的问题是，有时候第十五题的答案在这儿，而第十六题的答案却在那儿。
So it's not always chronological; it's not always in order of the questions.
答案的分布不总是按时间顺序的，不总是按题目的先后顺序的。
Some question types are in order. Okay?
也有一些类型的题目，答案是按顺序分布的。
If you have like a summary... a passage with fill-in-the-blanks, and you have to summarize a certain section,
如果有总结题......文章中有填空题，你们必须总结某个段落，
then you go to the beginning, find the beginning, and then each one will be the same. Okay?
那你们就要去文章开头，找到开头，然后接下来每个都是一样的。
So 15,16,17,18, it will be chronological.
15题、16题、17题、18题，它们会按时间顺序分布的。
But that's for that type of question; it doesn't apply to all question types.
但那只适用于那一种题型，并不能用在所有类型的题目上。
Questions such as: "Yes/No/Not given", or: "True/False/Not given", this sometimes will work; sometimes it won't.
对比如“是/否/文章中没有提到”或者“正确/错误/文章中没有提到”这种题型，这个方法有时候有效，有时候无效。
Okay? Especially for the "Not given", because you can have the "Yes"... "Yes", "No", "Not given".
知道了吗？尤其是“文章中没有提到”这种题，因为你们可能会遇到“是/否/文章中没有提到”这种题。
Okay? So this will help you in most cases, but in some cases, it will not help you.
这种方法在大部分情况下能帮到你们，但是在有些情况下就无能为力了。
But practice this, if it works for you, do it. Okay?
但是这种方法还是要练练，如果对你有效就这么做，知道了吗？
Remember: it's all about time management, you have to be able to get through the entire passage and the entire questions three times in one hour.
记住：一切都在于时间管理，你们必须能够在一个小时内读完三篇文章，并且回答完所有问题。
Yeah? You want to try to finish everything.
你们要试着完成所有题目。
Now, the third section, before I even start to explain how it works, I want you to understand that it's difficult, it's really not easy, it takes a lot of practice.
第三部分，在我开始解释怎么用之前，我想让你们知道，这个方法很难，一点儿也不简单，需要大量练习。
But if you can do this and do it well, you can finish the entire test on time and read the absolute minimum that you have to. Okay?
但是如果你们能掌握这种方法，并且能用好了，那你们就能及时完成整场考试，并且必须阅读的内容也是最少的。
How does this work? Before you do anything else, I want you to summarize each paragraph by itself.
这个方法要怎么用呢？在你们做任何事之前，我想让你们总结一下每一段的内容。
How do you do this? You go to the paragraph, you read the topic sentence.
怎么做呢？去文章中找一段，然后看看主题句。
The topic sentence will always be the first or second sentence.
主题句一般都是第一句或者第二句。
It will give you a general idea of what the paragraph is about.
它会告诉你们这一段的大意。
Because remember: in good writing, one paragraph has one central idea.
因为别忘了：在好文章中，每一段都有一个中心思想。
That idea will be in the topic sentence.
那个中心思想就在主题句中。
Once you understand what the general idea is, then you scan the rest of the paragraph, looking for keywords that support that topic sentence.
一旦你们理解了大意，接着就可以浏览一下段落剩余的内容了，找到支持主题句的关键词。
Once you have the topic, once you find the keywords that support that topic, then you know what this paragraph is about.
找到主题后，找到了支持那个主题的关键词后，你们就知道这一段的内容了。
Write two-three word summary of that paragraph. Okay?
用两到三个单词总结一下那一段。
Then, once you have the summary of everything, you do the entire passage, you should be able to get yourself to do it... 5 to 7 minutes, you should be able to go through the whole passage.
然后，给每一段都写了总结之后，总结完整篇文章后，你们应该就能......你们应该就能在5到7分钟之内读完这篇文章了。
Okay? That gives you over 10 minutes to work on the questions, then you go to the questions.
这样你们就有十多分钟的时间答题了，接着去看题目。
Now, the key is to know where the answers should be.
关键是要知道答案应该在哪里。
Why? If you understand the question, the question is about the history of something.
为什么？如果你们弄懂了题目，比如知道题目是关于某种东西的历史。
Well, here, in paragraph "A", the history of this thing.
你看，在这里，在A段就有这个事物的历史。
If the question is about the people involved, well, here, you already wrote: "People involved".
如果题目是关于涉及的人物的，那么在这儿，你们已经写上了“涉及的人物”。
Right? So you know where to go look, so now, you go straight to the paragraph where the answer should be, and you find out the information.
对不对？所以你们就知道应该去哪里找答案了，那么现在你们要直接去答案应该在的那一段，找出信息。
Then you're...then you're doing the same thing here, sorry, as number two, you're matching keywords and matching your answers.
然后......这里要做的事情是一样的，要把关键词和答案配起来。
Now, there's two reasons this is good.
这个方法之所以好有两个原因。
One: you're reading less, two: you're doing it much quicker, you've gone through the whole passage very quickly.
第一：你们要读的内容减少了，做题速度更快，你们已经非常快速地看完了整篇文章。
You don't need to read anything that has nothing to do with the questions. Okay?
不需要看任何与题目无关的内容。
And three: one of the question types on the reading section is: "Give each paragraph a heading."
而且阅读部分会出现的题型之一是：给每一段加小标题。
If you did the summary, then you've already done these questions.
如果你们做了总结，那你们就已经完成了这些题目。
Okay? There's going to be usually 5 or 6 at least headings, like 5 or 6 paragraphs, each one you have to give a heading to.
通常至少会有5到6个小标题，也就是会有5到6个段落，每一个段落你们都要给出一个小标题。
If you've done the summary, then you've already did that question type.
如果你们已经总结过了，那你们就已经完成了那种题型了。
You look at the headings, you match them to your summary, and then there's your answer.
你们可以看看小标题，把它们和你们的总结匹配起来，然后答案就出来了。
Two: if the passage does not have a title...if the passage does not have a title, automatically you can understand one of the questions will be: "What is a good title for this passage?"
第二：如果这篇文章没有标题......如果文章没有标题，那你们自动就能想到其中一个问题会是：“最适合这篇文章的标题是什么？”
If you've done the summaries, already start thinking about the title if there isn't one, because that's going to be one of your questions.
如果你们做了总结，如果没有标题的话就已经开始想标题了，因为那会是你们的题目之一。
So you're actually killing two, sometimes three birds with one stone by doing it this way. Okay?
所以通过这个方法，你们实际上做到了一石二鸟，有时候甚至是一石三鸟。
Now, I know it's not easy, I know it's very difficult, it takes a lot of practice, but we're going to work on one paragraph together just so you know what I'm talking about.
我知道这并不简单，我知道这非常难，需要很多练习，但是我们会一起来练习一段，这样你们就知道我什么意思了。
Okay, so now, let's look at how to do approach three, how to do a bit of a summary of a paragraph.
好了，现在我们来看看第三个方法是怎么操作的，讲讲如何总结一个段落的内容。
So what we're looking at here, we're looking at a passage, I'll give you a background,
我们这里有一篇文章，我给你们介绍一下背景知识，
because actually you can see I only have one paragraph and not even a complete paragraph, because it was too long.
因为其实你们也能看到，我这里只有一个段落，甚至还不是完整的一段，因为它太长了。
But this is a passage about the history of recorded music or even recorded sound.
但是这是一篇关于录制的音乐或录制的声音的历史的文章。
This is not the first paragraph, the first paragraph was probably an introduction about sound recordings,
这不是第一段，第一段可能是对录音的介绍，
because today, we have all kinds of different ways of listening to music, we have iPod, MP3 player, all kinds of digital recordings.
因为如今我们有各种不同的方法可以听音乐，我们有iPod，MP3，各种各样的数码录音设备。
We used to have CDs, and we used to have 8-tracks, and vinyl records, and tapes.
我们以前有CD、八轨磁带、黑胶唱片和磁带。
So what we're looking at is the history and probably evolution of recorded music.
我们要看的是录制音乐的历史，可能是发展史。
So, now, what came probably before this paragraph was a paragraph about the phonautograph, which is a type of machine that was invented a long time ago to record sound.
这一段前面的段落可能是关于语音描记器的，这是一种很久以前发明来记录声音的机器。
We also had a paragraph about how it worked, how it did this. Okay?
还有一段是关于它的运行原理的，它是如何录音的。
So now, when we get to this paragraph, we already have some background information, and now we want to know what this paragraph is about without reading the entire paragraph.
现在，当我们看到这一段时，我们已经有了一些背景信息，现在我们想在没有阅读整个段落的情况下弄清楚这一段讲了什么。
So we read the topic sentence, which is basically and usually the first sentence.
所以我们要看看主题句，而它基本上总是第一句。
"The Phonautograph eventually evolved into the Phonograph."
也就是"The Phonautograph eventually evolved into the Phonograph."（语音描记器最终演变成了留声机）。
So now, what is the main idea of this...of this paragraph?
那么，这一段的大意是什么呢？
It's about the change into something else, or the next step. Okay? How do we know?
它讲的是变成另一种东西，或者下一步。我们是怎么知道的？
We have the word "eventually", which suggests time, something is happening over time.
这里有"eventually"这个词，显示了时间，说明某个东西是随着时间流逝发生的。
"Evolved", "evolved" means changed into something better, usually.
还有"evolved"这个词，它的意思通常是变成某个更好的东西。
Evolution is usually into something better, devolution, something worse.
"evolution"表示的一般是变得更好，而"devolution"是变得更坏。
"Into the Phonograph", and we're going to find out: what is a Phonograph? Okay?
然后是"into the Phonograph"，我们要来弄清楚："phonograph"是什么？
So this, right away, we have the idea that this paragraph is about the evolution or the change into the Phonograph, the next step from what came before.
所以我们马上就知道这一段讲的是演变或变成"Phonograph"，也就是之前出现的东西的下一步发展。
So now, what we want to do...we don't want to read the rest.
那么现在，我们要做的是......我们不要读完剩下的内容。
We want to confirm our idea that this is about the evolution of something, of the Phonograph.
我们要证实我们的想法，看这一段讲的是不是演变成"Phonograph"。
We want to find keywords in the paragraph to support that.
我们要在这一段里面找到关键词来支持我们的想法。
So, first of all, we have Thomas Edison, he wasn't mentioned before; he's mentioned now.
首先，我们看到了"Thomas Edison"，前面的段落里没有提到过他，但是现在提到了。
If you know who he is, he's a famous inventor from a long time ago.
如果你们认识他就知道，他是很久以前的一位著名的发明家。
He "discovered" something. Okay? Usually evolutions come with discoveries.
他“发现”了什么东西。演变一般就是从发现中诞生的。
We have an "1878", we have "1887" also, we have time progression. Okay?
我们看到了“1878”，还看到了“1887”，这里有个时间的进程。
Now, he found a "way"...before, we spoke about how sound was recorded on a cylindrical... like a disc that spun like this, cylindrically.
看，他发现了一种“方法”......之前，我们讲过声音是如何被记录在一个圆柱形的......像这样以圆柱形状态旋转的一个光盘一样。
Okay? And it went like this, and something was grooved onto it, now, we have: "He discovered a way to record on impressionable material - tinfoil, lead", different material.
它这样转，然后某个东西就被刻在了上面，我们看到了："He discovered a way to record on impressionable material - tinfoil, lead"（他发现了在可塑材料上录音的方法，在锡和铅上），这些都是不同的材料。
Okay? Before it was on metal with charcoal, basically.
以前基本上都是用炭笔录刻在金属上的。
Again, we don't know that here; we knew that from the paragraph before.
还是一样，这些信息不是从这里获得的，是从之前的段落中得知的。
Now we have different material, so again, we have evolution, or "wax".
现在我们看到了不同的材料，所以还是演变，也可以刻在“蜡”上。
And then we continue reading, then "discovery", blah, blah, blah, we're continuing to reading.
接着我们继续阅读，然后看到了“发现”等等等等，继续阅读。
Oh, we have a "flat disc", before, we had a cylinder, now we have a flat disc. Okay?
哦，这里有个“平碟”，之前有个圆柱形，现在有个平碟。
"Creating a medium", we have a new medium, we have a new name.
“创造一个媒介”，现在有了一个新的媒介，有了一个新名称。
Somebody else is now getting involved in this evolution. Okay?
现在又有别人参与到了这个演变中。
Now: "instead of tracing", now, this word "instead" tells you that instead of what was here, we now have something else.
看，"instead of tracing"，"instead"这个词告诉你，我们现在有了另一种东西代替这里的东西。
"Over a rotating something else", and: "the resulting disc". Right?
“在旋转的另一个东西上”，还有“生成的光盘”，对不对？
So everything points to an evolution of something: we're going to the next step, to a different way of recording sound.
所以一切都指向了某个东西的演变：我们现在要采取下一步，要用一种不同的方法录制声音。
So now, what do we want to do?
那么我们现在要做什么呢？
On the side...we don't want to write a full sentence, we don't want to take this full paragraph and summarize it in one or two sentences, we want to summarize it in one or two words. Okay?
一方面......我们不要写出一个完整的句子，我们不要把整个段落总结成一句话或者两句话，我们要把它总结成一个或两个单词。
We already have the word "evolution" in our minds, very simple, there's a new medium.
我们脑子里已经有了"evolution"这个单词，非常简单，有一个新的媒介。
This paragraph is about the new medium, in the...in which case is going to be the disc.
这一段是关于这种新媒介的，就这一段来看，这种媒介就是光盘。
Okay? I could write: "new medium - disc".
我可以写下"new medium - disc"。
The last paragraph: the cylinder, this paragraph: the disc, the next paragraph...I mean, this paragraph will continue,
上一段说的是圆柱形，这一段是光盘，下一段是......这一段还有剩下的内容，
if you go to www. engvid. com and take the quiz, you will see the entire paragraph there, it will make more sense.
如果你们去engvid网站上做小测验的话，就会在那儿看到整个段落，你们就能理解了。
But here, I have a brief explanation of how the disc worked as compared to the cylinder, and I also have an explanation of why it was good, why it was an evolution, why they did this.
但是在这里，有一个对光盘与圆柱形相比是如何工作的简短解释，还有对它的优势的解释，为什么它是一种演变，为什么他们要做这个。
Then the next paragraph will likely go to the next step.
然后下一段可能会进入下一步。
The next step will be electrical, and then you have magnetic, and then you have digital, and then you have all kinds of steps from the beginning of the recording of music till today.
下一步会是电的，然后有磁性的，接着有数码的，然后就有了录制音乐从一开始到如今的所有演变步骤。
Okay? Because it's the history of...the entire passage is about the history of recorded music.
知道了吗？因为这整篇文章讲的就是录制音乐的历史。
So, now, when I go to my questions and they ask a question about the disc or they ask a question about Emile Berliner.
现在，当我去看题目的时候，他们问的题目是有关光盘的，或者会问关于Emile Berliner的问题。
Or they ask a question about mass production of music mediums or media, you know where to come looking,
或者他们会问关于音乐媒介或媒体的大批量生产的问题，这时你们就知道要去哪里找答案了，
the answer should be in here somewhere, because this is where they're talking about the disc.
答案应该在这儿的某个地方，因为他们在这儿讲到了光盘。
This is where they're talking about the next step, where they're talking about mass production, which will come a little bit later, oh, here, "mass produced". Okay?
他们在这儿讲到了下一步，讲到了大批量生产，这个晚一点就会提到的，哦，在这里，“大批量生产”，看到了吗？
So you know all this because you're talking about the new medium - the disc.
你们知道这一点是因为你们在讨论新媒介——光盘。
Now, this is especially, especially effective for the "Yes/No/Not given" or the "True/False/Not given" questions.
这个方法对“是/否/文章中未提到”或者“正确/错误/文章中未提到”这类题型尤其有效。
Especially in that especially the "Not given" because "Yes/No", "True/False", you can look for the keywords,
尤其是对那其中的“文章中未提到”特别有效，因为对于“是/否”，“正确/错误”，你们可以找关键词，
you can find them and compare the sentence here, then compare the sentence in the questions.
可以找到它们，然后与这里的句子对比，然后与题目中的句子对比。
In the "Not given" sentences, if they're not given, then there's nothing to find.
在“文章中未提到”的句子中，因为文章中没有出现这些句子，所以什么也找不到。
Right? So the only thing that you can look for is the "should".The answer to this question should be here.
对吧？所以你们能找的唯一线索是“应该”。这个题目的答案应该在这里。
So you look around, you can't find it, the answer is not given.
于是你们四处找找，找不到的话，那答案就是文章中没有提到。
Okay? And this is usually the most difficult question everybody has on the IELTS reading section.
知道了吗？这一般是大家在雅思考试的阅读部分遇到的最难的题目。
So, again, summarize, if you do this first, do every paragraph, A: you can do the "Not given" questions,
所以，再说一遍，要总结，如果你们先这么做，每一段都这么做，第一，你们能做对“文章中未提到”这种题型；
B: all the... find a heading, match a heading to each paragraph, that's already done because you did it this way.
第二，像“找到标题”，“给每一段配上一个小标题”这种题目，你们就已经做完了，因为你们已经总结了。
And you don't have to read all the passage, you're saving yourself a lot of time, and you know where exactly to go look for your answers to your questions. Okay?
而且你们还不用读完文章的所有内容，能节省很多时间，而且还知道具体应该去哪里寻找问题的答案。
It takes practice, I'm not going to tell you it's easy, it's not easy.
这需要练习，我不会跟你们说这个方法很简单，因为它确实不简单。
If you can practice this and be able to do a proper summary of the whole passage in five minutes,
如果你们能多加练习，能够在五分钟之内给整篇文章做出一个恰当的总结，那你们就给其他的文章，
you got 15 minutes for the rest of the passage, for the questions, and you should be able to finish all 40 questions in the time.
给回答问题时多争取了15分钟，那样你们应该就可以及时完成全部的40道题了。
Okay? All 40 questions in the 60 minutes, and do...get a very high rate of correct answers.
能在60分钟内完成所有的40道题，而且做对的几率也非常高。
Now, if you have any questions about this, please go to www. engvid. com, go to the for...to the comments section and ask questions, do the quiz; hopefully it will help you out a little bit.
如果你们还有疑问，请登陆我们的网站www. engvid. com，在评论区留下你们的问题，做一做小测验，没有意外的话这会对你们有些帮助。
Don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel, and come again soon. Bye.
不要忘了订阅我的YouTube频道，欢迎你们很快再来观看我的视频。再见。
