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Screen time linked with developmental delays in toddlers, study finds
研究发现：屏幕时间与幼儿期发育迟缓有关
Handing your baby a phone or tablet to play with may seem like a harmless solution when you’re busy, but it could quickly affect their development, a new study has found.
一项新的研究发现，在人们忙碌的时候，给宝宝一部手机或平板电脑让他玩似乎是一个无害的解决方案，但这可能会很快影响他们的发育。
Having anywhere from one to four hours of screen time per day at age 1 is linked with higher risks of developmental delays in communication, fine motor, problem-solving and personal and social skills by age 2, according to a study of 7,097 children published Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.
根据周一（8月21日）发表在《美国医学会儿科学》杂志上的一项对7097名儿童的研究，1岁时每天有一到四小时的屏幕时间，与2岁时在沟通、精细动作、解决问题以及个人和社交技能方面发育迟缓的风险较高有关。
“It’s a really important study because it has a very large sample size of children who’ve been followed for several years,” said Dr. Jason Nagata, associate professor of pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco, who wasn’t involved in the study.
加州大学旧金山分校儿科副教授杰森-永田博士说："这是一项非常重要的研究，因为它有一个非常大的样本量，对儿童进行了数年的跟踪调查。”
The study measured how many hours children used screens per day at age 1 and how they performed in several developmental domains — communication skills, fine motor skills, personal and social skills, and problem-solving skills — at ages 2 and 4.
这项研究测量了儿童在1岁时每天使用屏幕的时间，以及他们在2岁和4岁时在几个发育领域（沟通技能、精细动作技能、个人和社交技能以及解决问题的技能）的表现。
Both measures were according to the mothers’ self-reports.
这两项测量都是根据母亲的自我报告进行的。
By age 2, those who had had up to four hours of screen time per day were up to three times more likely to experience developmental delays in communication and problem-solving skills.
到2岁时，每天使用屏幕时间多达四小时的儿童在沟通和解决问题能力方面出现发育迟缓的可能性要高出三倍。
Those who had spent four or more hours with screens were 4.78 times more likely to have underdeveloped communication skills, 1.74 times more likely to have subpar fine motor skills and two times more likely to have underdeveloped personal and social skills by age 2.
那些与屏幕接触四小时或更多的儿童，到2岁时，其沟通能力发育不足的可能性要高出 4.78 倍，精细动作能力不足的可能性要高出 1.74 倍，个人和社交能力发育不足的可能性要高出两倍。
By age 4, risk remained only in the communication and problem-solving categories.
到 4 岁时，风险只存在于沟通和解决问题方面。
“One of the areas that’s relatively understudied in the whole screen time literature is looking at impacts of screen exposure on very young kids, especially when screens are introduced to babies,” said Dr. John Hutton, associate professor of general and community pediatrics at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, who wasn’t involved in the study. “It’s definitely a global concern, and I think the findings should apply to, really, other countries as well.”
辛辛那提儿童医院医学中心普通和社区儿科副教授约翰?赫顿博士说："在整个屏幕时间文献中，研究相对不足的领域之一是屏幕暴露对年幼儿童的影响，尤其是当屏幕被给到婴儿时。"这绝对是一个全球关注的问题，我认为（这里的）研究结果应该也适用于其他国家。”
The potential harms of screen time on communication skills may have to do with children being robbed of drivers for language development, Hutton said.
赫顿说，屏幕时间对沟通技能的潜在危害可能与儿童被剥夺了语言发展的动力有关。
“Kids learn how to talk if they’re encouraged to talk, and very often, if they’re just watching a screen, they’re not having an opportunity to practice talking,” he said. “They may hear a lot of words, but they’re not practicing saying a lot of words or having a lot of that back-and-forth interaction.”
他说："如果孩子们被鼓励说话，他们就会学会如何说话，而很多时候，如果他们只是在看屏幕，他们就没有机会练习说话。" 他们可能会听到很多单词，但他们并没有练习说很多单词或进行很多来回互动。
Technology use can take time away from interpersonal relationships that nurture social skills since real people are more multidimensional than characters on a screen, Hutton added. Looking at people’s faces is when our brains turn on to figure out how to interact with them.
赫顿补充说，科技的使用会占用培养社交能力的人际关系的时间，因为真人比屏幕上的人物更加多面。看着别人的脸，我们的大脑就会开始思考如何与他们互动。
“Longer term, one of the real goals is for kids just to be able to sit quietly in their own thoughts,” Hutton said.
哈顿说："从长远来看，真正的目标之一是让孩子们能够安静地沉浸在自己的思考中。"
There are other factors that can affect a child’s development, such as genetics, adverse experiences such as neglect or abuse, and socioeconomic factors, Nagata said.
永田说，还有其他一些因素会影响儿童的发展，如遗传、被忽视或被虐待等不良经历以及社会经济因素。
In the latest research, mothers of children with high levels of screen time were more likely to be younger, have never given birth before, have a lower household income, have a lower education level and have postpartum depression.
在最新的研究中，屏幕时间较多的儿童的母亲更有可能更年轻、以前从未生育过、家庭收入较低、受教育程度较低以及患有产后抑郁症。
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