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The founder of Shu-Han，Liu Bei，the descendant of Han Jingdi's son Liu Sheng, came from Zhuo prefecture (near present-day Beijing).
刘备，蜀汉的开国皇帝,汉景帝之子中山靖王刘胜的后代。
Liu Bei was born in a poor family and lived by selling shoes and weaving straw mat.
刘备居于河北涿州（今北京附近），少年孤贫，以贩鞋织草席为生。
However, he acquired his first reputation in warfare against the Yellow Turban rebellion of 184 and swore to be brothers with Zhang Fei, Guan Yu, who are both in the following years of fighting devoted to him until death.
公元184年黄巾起义时，刘备与关羽、张飞桃园结义，成为异姓兄弟，一同剿除黄巾有功。
When civil war caused by Dong Zhuo broke out he served Gongsun Zan to fight against Dong Zhuo. Later he allied himself with the warlords: Cao Cao，Yuan Shao，and Liu Biao one after another and held short-lived power over substantial territory in the north of China.
董卓乱政之际，刘备随公孙璜讨伐董卓,刘备势力弱小，经常寄人篱下，先后投靠过曹操、袁绍、刘表等人，几经波折，却仍无自己的地盘。
In 200, however, at the time of the campaign between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao at Guan-du, Liu Bei was thoroughly defeated by Cao Cao ’ s forces and fled to take refuge with Liu Biao.
公元200年，在曹操与袁绍的官渡之战中，刘备被曹操打败，投奔刘表。
Liu did, however, maintain the followers who had accompanied him into exile ,and it was at this time while stationing in Xinye Xu Shu, one of his assistants, recommended Zhuge Liang, a master of strategies to him.
但在流亡过程中却一直有人跟随刘备，屯兵新野时,徐庶为其幕僚，向刘推荐诸葛亮。
Liu Bei visited and consulted Zhuge Liang three times and the latter agreed to serve him as minister. With the help of Zhuge Liang, Sun-Liu allies defeated Cao Cao from the north at the Red Cliffs and Liu Bei established a position in the southern part of Jing prefecture which laid the fundation for the three kingdoms.
刘备在荆州三顾茅庐，请诸葛亮出山辅助，在诸葛亮的帮助下，赤壁之战宁，联合孙权打败曹操，占领荆州，奠定了三分天下的基础。
In 211 Liu Bei was invited into Yi prefecture by the Governor, Liu Zhang, to assist him in dealing with enemies on his northern borders.
211年受刘璋请求来益州共同防御北方边界。
In the summer of 214 Liu Bei seized Yi prefecture and established his own regime at Chengdu.
214年夏，刘备攻取益州在成都建立政权。
In 219 the decisive victory over Xiahou Yuan obtained Liu Bei’s control of the Han valley, and gave justification for his claim to the royal and then imperial title of Han with an area covering Jing and Yi prefectures.
219年，刘备大败曹将夏侯渊，夺取汉中，称汉中王，建立了横跨荆益两州的政权。
In the further east line, however, the destruction of Guan Yu, and the failure of Liu Bei’s expedition , aiming at taking revenge for Guan Yu in 222 restricted the territory of Han to Yi province. Despite its imperial pretensions Shu-Han never recovered from those massive defeats.
在东线关羽被杀，刘备为给关羽报仇，公元222年，发兵大举进攻东吴兵败。
Liu Bei fled to Baidi city and died there in Yong’an Palace in the following year.When Liu Bei died in 223, his son Liu Chan was seventeen, but Zhuge Liang acted as regent and held control of the government. He confirmed the alliance with Wu, and in campaigns to the south during 224 and 225 he established reign over the territory and people as far as the Lake Dian in present-day Yunnan.
刘备兵败逃至白帝城，次年病死于白帝城的永安宫。蜀汉一蹶不振，势力一直被局限在益州。刘备死后，其子刘禅继位，是为蜀后主，刘禅17岁由诸葛亮等人辅助，主张与吴国交好。公元224 ~225年，诸葛亮平定南中，势力涉及滇池（今云南境内）。
In 227 he turned his attention to the Wei in the north ： from Hanzhong he launched a series of attacks across the Qinling Range, however, was quickly destroyed by the Wei gen-eral Sima Yi，and Zhuge Liang was not able to achieve a position.
向北为了实现刘备的遗愿，诸葛亮自蜀建兴五年至十二年（227 ~ 234)六次从汉中出兵向秦岭伐魏，但均告失利。
In 233 Zhuge U-ang embarked on a renewed attempt to break the line of the mountain barrier , however, he was, successfully opposed by Sima Yi, and died in the following year in front.
233年，在发起突破秦岭防线时,被司马懿击破，本人也于公元234年卒于两军阵前。
After a short period of intrigue and confusion，Zhuge Uang ’ s position as com-mander-in-chief and head of government was taken by Jiang Wei.
诸葛亮死后，姜维继任军士统帅和丞相。
Like Zhuge Liang ,Jiang Wei had his headquarters in Hanzhong on the frontier against Wei, and the central administration at Chengdu was maintained by a secondary office.
姜维仍以汉中为攻魏前哨，以成都为总部。
In 244, Jiang Wei became ill and failed to function effectively, and at his death in 246 Liu Chan, now forty years old, took formal authority at the capital.
244年，姜维病重，不能有效行使权力。246年姜维病逝时，刘禅40岁已独立行使皇权。
Despite his maturity Liu Chan was an unimpressive ruler. He was more interested in his harem and his personal pleasures than in the responsibilities of government, therefore he gave excessive power to his favourite Chen Zhi and the eunuch Huang Hao.
刘禅是一个没有作为的皇帝，他不问政事，贪恋后宫声色，将朝中大事交给宠臣陈志和太监黄浩。
Sima Yi was a well-known strategist and stateman in Chinese history, and in fighting against Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei，he succeeded in preventing Shu-Han from expanding northernwards.
司马懿是我国著名的军事家、政治家。他多次出兵汉中，与诸葛亮、姜维等蜀将交战，遏制了蜀国的北扩。
In 226, Wei Emperor Cao Pi died and his son Cao Rui succeeded the throne.
此间，魏帝曹丕已于魏黄初七薨（226)。
Sima Yi acted as Chief Minister to serve the emperor , then ttie control of government was gradually transferred to the hands of Sima family.
其子曹睿继位，以司马懿为辅政大臣。此后，魏国大权逐渐落人司马氏手中。
In 263,after the Sima family had established control of the government of Wei, they planned the attack on Shu-Han. Sima Zhao, son of Sima Yi, and two generals Zhong Hui and Deng Ai launched attack on Shu Han. In the autumn of 263 they captured the passes into Hanzhong, and while one army held Jiang Wei in the northwest, the general Deng Ai went forward to attack Chengdu.
魏景元四年 (263)在魏政权归司马氏之后，司马懿之子司马昭派遣钟会、邓艾等数路人马伐蜀，并于当年夏天控制了通往汉中的要塞，将姜维困在西北，由邓艾继续攻打成都。
In the winter, after victory in one pitched battle, he received the surrender of Liu Chan. And in the summer of 264 Liu Chan was received into honoured exile at Luoyang, thus Shu-Han perished.
当年冬天攻破成都,后主刘禅降魏，并于264年夏流放至洛阳，蜀汉灭亡。
Shu-Han took the same measures of land reclamation and developed the irrigating system. As a far reaching area, the development of agriculture was not damaged as that of in the Yellow River Valley and there was no famine heard. At hat time the silk of Shu was well-known and trade within domestic was prosperous and Chengdu, the capital of Shu was the commercial centre.
蜀在耕地方面没有什么改制，也实行屯田，水利做得比较好，由于地处偏远蜀汉没有像中原那样遭到严重破坏，也没有发生粮荒，丝织业发达，蜀锦有名,境内贸易发达,成都商业繁荣，蜀汉农业自始至终未遭破坏。
After Zhuge Liang destroyed the non-Chinese alliance led by Meng Huo, he left the people under continuing control by their native leaders, and confirmed that power with seals and other emblems of authority although in formal terms, they were subjects of Shu-Han. All these practices facilitate the tranquility of Shu-Han.
在平定了南方少数民族孟获的叛乱之后,他们成为蜀汉的臣民，但仍由其首领继续管理内部事务，这有利于蜀汉政权的稳定。
