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The establishment of centralization ： King Ying Zheng considered his achievement surpassing all the ancient rulers, therefore taking account of the legendary “San Huang (three emperors)’’ and “Wu Di (five sovereigns)”，he gave himself a more distinguished title: “Qin Shi Huang’，or “Qin Shi Huangdi”，which means he was the first emperor of China. He wanted his successors to rule China forever with the title “Second Emperor”，“Third Emperor”，etc.
建立中央集权制度:秦王赢政自认为功劳高于古代所有的帝王，于是兼采三皇五帝的尊号，宣布自己为始皇帝，后世子孙代代相承，递称二世、三世。这就是“秦始皇”一名的由来。
Since then, “Emperor” had become an honorific title to the supreme ruler of the feudal society.
从此皇帝”一词就成为封建国家的最高统治者的尊号。
Immediately after the unification, the First Emperor (Qin Shi Huang, as he is generally known) declared to abolish the feudal fiefdoms and set a new autocratic system of centralized bureaucracy to meet demands of the landlord class.
在统一中国的同时，秦始皇即宣布废除封建领主制，创行新的适合于封建地主阶级专制主义的中央集权制度。
The Qin Empire relied on the philosophy of legalism (with skillful advisors like Han Feizi and Li Si).
秦以法家思想治国，拥有像李斯、韩非子等精通法学的谋士。
Centralization, achieved by ruthless methods, was focused on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedure.
以政令统一为中心,通过残暴的高压政策实现中央集权。
The whole administrative set-up was like a pyramid.
秦的行政体制像金字塔一样。
The emperor perched on the top, beneath him was the central government composed of three chancellors and nine ministers, who assisted the emperor to handle government affairs.
皇帝居于塔尖，其下设中央机关，以协助皇帝领导全国，处理政务。
Then Chengxiang (chief minister) aided the emperor in governing the country, Tai wei (marshal) took charge of military affairs, and the Yushi Dafu( censor) supervised officials of all ranks.
中央机关采用“三公九卿制”，丞相、太尉、御史大夫等“三公”分掌政务、军务及监察。
On the local levels, the system of prefectures and counties were put into practice. The whole empire was divided into 36 prefectures(later increased to 41), administered by a civil governor ( Junshou ), a military commander ( Duwei. ) The prefectures were divided into counties ( Xian ), administered by a magistrate (xianling ).
全国范围内实行郡县制度，分天下为三十六郡（后来增至四十一郡），由郡守、都尉和御史共同管理。
Under the counties, township officials administered education, justice taxation and public security.
郡下设县，由县令掌管。
Under the townships, households, consisting of individual families in which men farmed and women wove at home, were organized in groups of five or ten. All the regional governments were subordinate to the central government, which was ruled by the emperor himself.
县下又有乡、亭、里等基层组织，乡官负责教育、司法、税收、安全等事项,5到10个家庭为一里,每个家庭都是男耕女织。
Thus, the centralism came into being. The imperial court extended its control right down to the grass-roots u-nits of the household groups which supplied labour, taxation and draftees.
这样，全国由上到下均置于皇帝及其家族的严密统治之下，中央集权的制度从此确立。朝廷的统治可以延展到每个家庭，而家庭又是劳役、兵役和税收的重要提供者。
The First Emperor understood the importance of the individual families to the feudal empire.
秦始皇深知家庭对国家统治的重要性。
The landed class availed this imperial system to control and suppress the people ,but as a breakthrough in politics, it played a positive role in consolidation of the country and the economic and cultural development, and continued to be used over the next two millennia.
皇帝制、三公九卿制和郡县制是一套完整的封建政治制度，是地主阶级用来统治、镇压广大劳动人民的工具。但是作为古代政治制度的新发展，亦对巩固国家统一,促进社会经济、文化发展，起到了积极作用。在此后2000多年的封建社会中，基本上沿用了这些制度。
Standardization ： On the basis of the established Qin standards, the First Emperor pushed forward economic and cultural reforms, eliminating regional diversities by every means, and consolidating the stability and unification of the imperial regime. The private ownership of lands, along with standardized currency and weights and measures promoted the development of economy.
实行统一经济、文化政策:秦始皇以原有的秦制为基础，大力推进有利于封建地主经济、文化发展改革，尽可能消除由于长期分裂割据造成的地区差异，巩固新建王朝安定、统一。实行土地私有化，统一货币和度量衡，促进经济的发展。
Since all the cartwheel ruts had the same width, the axle length was fixed to six chi to ease transportation throughout the country.
在全国范围统一车轨，大车的两轮之间，皆宽6尺，史称“车同轨”，促进了交通运输业的发展。
The writing system, especially the shape of characters, was reformed and resulted in the so-called Small Seal Script ( xiaozhuanti), which effectively urged the cultural exchange.
秦始皇还对文字，特别是字型进行了改革，出现了小篆体。文字的统一有效地促进了文化交流。
