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Song Dynasty
宋朝
General
概况
The fall of the Tang Dynasty and the disruption of the empire did not mean an obvious break with the past.
唐朝的覆灭和国家的分崩离析并不意味着与过去的彻底决裂。
The Five Dynasties were all eager to reunify China and the Later Zhou (后周）had brought much of the country back under a single governance by 959 AD.
“五代”都希望能够统一中国，后周在公元959年也使国家的大部分地区得到了统一管理。
The ruling elite remained unaltered and the civil service continued the routine tasks of government with no serious disruption.
统治阶层并未改变，行政部门仍负责处理政府的例行工作。
The Ten States in the south showed the same obvious continuity and the examination system there continued.
南方的“十国”也展现了明显的连贯性，科举制度同样得以留存。
When Zhao Kuangyin (赵匡胤）seized power by a coup in Chenqiao (陈桥兵变）in 960 AD,
当赵匡胤在公元960年通过陈桥兵变夺取了政权后，
he was able to consolidate and extend his control in a methodical manner.
他能够系统地稳固和拓展他的统治。
The Song Dynasty that he founded has been divided into two periods----
他建立的宋朝分为两个时期——
Firstly，the Northern Song (北宋）when the capital was in Kaifeng (开封）from 960 to 1127.
其一、自960年至1127年，以开封为都城的北宋；
Secondly, the Southern Song (南宋）， with the capital in present day Hangzhou (杭州）from 1127 to 1279.
其二、自1127年至1279年，以杭州都城的南宋。
During the Song Dynasty, there were many threats from the northern borders by the Khitans (契丹）from the Liao Dynasty (辽国）， Tanguts from the Western Xia (西夏) Dynasty，and the Jurchens (女真) from the Jin dynasty (金国）.
宋朝时期，北方边境有许多威胁，比如辽国的契丹族、西夏的党项族和金国的女真族。
The Song dynasty itself can be divided into two distinct periods： the Northern Song and Southern Song.
宋朝分为两个阶段：北宋和南宋。
The Northern Song (北宋)， 960—1127) signifies the time when the Song capital was in the northern city of Kaifeng (幵封）and the dynasty controlled most of inner China.
北宋标志着都城为北方城市开封的一段时期，它控制了中国内地的大部分区域。
The Southern Song (南宋，1127—1279) refers to the time after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty.
南宋（1127——1279）指女真族建立的金国夺取了中国北部以后的时期。
The Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River (长江) and made their capital in Hangzhou (杭州）.
宋朝撤退到了长江以南，定都杭州。
