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Additionally, even though some fish in the population were maturing at an earlier age, none was actually growing faster.
另外，虽然种群中的一些鱼成熟得比较早，但它们都没有真的长得更快。
No cod has a way of speeding up its rate of growth, so the younger reproductive age actually meant that smaller fish were reproducing.
鳕鱼没有办法加快它的生长速度，所以更年轻的繁殖年纪实际上意味着更小的鱼在繁殖。
And when you're a small cod reproducing, you produce fewer eggs than a large cod.
而作为一条小鳕鱼繁殖的时候，它能产出的卵比大鳕鱼要少。
The smaller cods simply don't have the body mass to reproduce as many eggs.
小鳕鱼直接没有可以繁殖更多卵的体重。
The over-fishing pressure on the cod population was pushing the cod into an evolutionary corner.
鳕鱼种群面对的过度捕捞压力正把鳕鱼逼进一个进化的困境。
They were having a harder and harder time surviving.
它们越来越难生存下去。
Student: But what can be done to prevent other scenarios like this?
学生：但是我们能做些什么来防止其他像这样的情况发生呢？
I mean obviously we need a better way to manage environmental resources.
我的意思是，很明显我们需要一个更好的方法管理环境资源。
Professor: Well, what do you guys suggest? Carol?
教授：那你们有什么建议呢？Carol，你来说一下？
Student: Hmm, uh, maybe privatize the resources?
学生：也许可以把资源私有化？
A private owner would want to manage the resource efficiently in a sustainable way.
私人拥有者会想要以一种可持续的方式有效管理资源的。
Professor: Ok, but the problem is privatization doesn't necessarily result in better management of an environmental resource.
教授：好吧，但问题是，私有化并不一定能带来对环境资源的更好管理。
Any ideas why it wouldn't?
知道为什么不会吗？
Student: Well, an individual owner might not properly assess the limits of the resource.
学生：个体拥有者也许不会正确地评估资源的限度。
So they could be just as prone to overexploiting that resource as a group where lots of people have access to it.
所以他们可能会有作为一个团队过度开发这种资源的倾向，让很多人都能使用它。
Professor: Yes. Well, like in the 1970s, when it was already clear the North American cod population was declining dramatically, the US and Canada declared a 200-mile exclusive economic zone in the waters around Cape Cod.
教授：是的。就像在二十世纪七十年代，当北美鳕鱼数量正在急剧减少的情况已经变得很明朗时，美国和加拿大宣布在科德角附近的水域成立一个200英里的专属经济区。
By declaring an exclusive economic zone, you see, these two countries were trying to extend their territorial waters.
其实通过宣布成立一个专属经济区，这两个国家是在试图扩展他们的领海。
Basically it was as if they were saying, "we're the private owners. We own these waters. So we own the rights to the fish in them too."
基本上他们就是在说：“我们是私人拥有者，这些水域是我们的，所以我们也有权占有里面的鱼。”
Essentially the two counties told fishing vessels, trollers from all other nations, to get out of the cod fishing area.
这两个国家基本上把所有其他国家的渔船和拖钩渔船都赶出了有鳕鱼的水域。
You'd think that would be good news for the cod because there'd be less fishing.
你们可能以为这对鳕鱼来说会是好消息，因为捕鱼的变少了。
However, the US and Canada wanted to expel foreign trollers only in order to increase the number of their own fishing fleets.
然而，美国和加拿大想把那些外国的渔船赶出去只是为了增加他们自己的渔船数量。
The total number of fishing trollers actually increased.
渔船的总数实际上增加了。
Another possible solution, pass laws that regulate use of the resource.
另一个可能的解决方案是，通过一些控制资源使用的法律。
But for regulation to be effective, penalties for breaking the law have to be large enough to deter violators.
但是为了让这些规定能够行之有效，对违法行为的处罚必须大到能够打消违反者的念头。
