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2. Making Growth More Equitable
二、提高经济增长的公平性
That brings me to the second policy dimension – inclusive growth.
接下来我谈谈政策的第二个方面——包容性增长。
To put it simply, when the benefits of growth are shared more broadly, growth is stronger, more durable, and more resilient.
简而言之，如果增长的惠益得到更广泛的分享，那么增长就会更有力、更持久，更有韧性。
You may ask: "So, if we know this, why have countries not undertaken to share economic benefits more widely? Why has inequality grown in so many countries in recent years?"
你可能会问："如果我们都明白这一点，为什么各国不设法更广泛地分享经济惠益呢？最近几年为什么这么多国家不平等状况加剧？"
Think of technology. While it has brought enormous benefits to societies, we have found that technology has been the major factor behind the relative decline of lower- and middle-skilled workers' incomes in recent years, with trade contributing to a much lesser extent.
不妨想一想技术。虽然技术为社会带来了巨大的利益，但是我们仍发现技术已经成为近些年来中低技能工人收入相对下降的主要因素，而贸易在这方面的作用则小得多。
And there are concerns that automation will progressively jeopardize employment growth in emerging and developing economies as well.
还有人担心，自动化会对新兴和发展中经济体的就业增长造成越来越大的阻碍。
When economic winds shift, we must find better ways of supporting workers.
当经济风向转变时，我们必须找到更好的方法为工人提供支助。
There is no magic formula. But we do know that greater emphasis on retraining and vocational training, job search assistance, and relocation support can help those affected by labor market dislocations.
现实中不存在神奇的公式。但是，我们清楚地知道，更加重视再培训和职业培训、求职援助和搬迁支助，能够帮助那些受劳动力市场错位影响的人。
The United States, for example, could focus more on well-designed assistance for job search and job matching, including through online tools. Emerging economies could also design technological solutions, such as advertising job openings through personalized text messages on mobile phones, just to give you one example.
例如，美国应更加重视为求职和职位匹配提供设计完善的支持措施，包括采用各种在线工具。新兴经济体还可以设计技术解决方案，比如，通过个性化的手机文本信息发布职位空缺情况，等等。
Looking ahead, all governments need to do more to help citizens prepare for major technological advances. As the futurist Andrew McAfee put it: "The key to winning the race is not to compete against machines but to compete with machines."
展望未来，各国政府需要开展更多工作，帮助公民迎接重大技术进步。正如未来学家安德鲁·麦卡菲所言："赢得比赛的关键不在于与 机器一较高下，而在于借助机器一较高下。"
That requires a commitment to life-long learning – from early childhood education, to workplace training, to online courses for seniors. Singapore, for example, offers training grants to all adults throughout their working lives.
这就要求人们致力于终身学习——从幼儿教育到工作培训，再到面向退休人员的在线课程。例如，新加坡向所有成年人提供贯穿整个职业生涯的培训补助金。
We at the IMF help policymakers to upgrade their expertise and practical skills through a growing number of regional training centers and through technology. Almost 17,000 people – from 185 countries – have successfully completed our online training courses.
基金组织通过越来越多的地区培训中心和各种技术手段，帮助政策制定者升级专业知识和提高实用技能。185个国家的将近1.7万人顺利完成了我们开设的在线培训课程。
In countries with population aging, there is also a sense that today's policies should not disadvantage future generations, who would be left to pay for the imprudent actions of today's generation. That includes a damaged environment, dilapidated infrastructure, and high public debt.
人口老龄化的国家也意识到了当下的政策不应该牺牲子孙后代的利益，不应该让子孙后代为今天这代人的鲁莽行为付出代价，包括继承受损的环境、破旧的基础设施以及庞大的公共债务。
Today, average public debt in advanced economies is at a post-war high – 108 percent of GDP. So we need strong fiscal policies frameworks and greater efforts to bring public debt back to a safe level, especially in aging societies.
如今，发达经济体的平均公共债务已经达到战后最高水平——相当于GDP的108%。因此，我们需要制定强有力的财政框架，并付出更大努力，将公共债务拉回安全水平，尤其是在老龄化社会中。
And again, the impact of aging societies, especially through pension systems and healthcare costs – is not just an advanced economy phenomenon. Many emerging economies also need to make their systems safe for the next generation.
而老龄化社会的影响，尤其是通过养老金体系和医疗费用产生的影响，并不仅仅是发达经济体存在的现象。许多新兴经济体也需要为下一代人维持安全的体系。
My third point is also a simple one: In our hyperconnected world, national policies tend to have major spillovers across borders. We are all sitting figuratively in the same boat. Which is why we need to encourage countries to support strong international cooperation.
我要说的第三点很简单：在这个高度互联的世界，国家政策往往会产生超越国界的重大溢出效应。我们好比坐在同一条船上。这就是为什么我们需要鼓励各国支持强有力的国际合作。
