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In 1881, the conservative German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, plagued by a rise in socialist ideology, proposed a national retirement benefit to appease the leftist masses.
1881年，德国保守派总理奥托·冯·俾斯麦因为社会主义意识形态兴起而焦头烂额，于是提出了一项全国性的退休福利，以安抚左翼群众。
He set the retirement age at 70. Average life expectancy at the time? About 40 years. Von Bismarck resigned shortly after the policy passed, but his legacy remained, and Germany's retirement benefit (which was lowered to 65 in 1916) became the model for many other nations.
他把退休年龄定为70岁。而当时的平均预期寿命是多少？大约40岁。俾斯麦在该政策通过后不久就辞职了，但这一政治遗产被保留下来，德国的退休福利政策(1916年退休年龄降至65岁)成为了许多其他国家的典范。
When President Roosevelt established the Social Security Act of 1935, 65 was similarly chosen as the national retirement age, despite the fact that less than 60 percent of American adults lived that long.
当罗斯福总统在1935年制定《社会保障法案》时，65岁同样被选定为国家退休年龄，尽管当时只有不到60%的美国成年人活到了这个年龄。
Which is all to say, the national retirement age in the U.S. and elsewhere has origins in a bit of political smoke and mirrors; it began as a symbolic offering, accessible only to the lucky citizens who managed to survive well into old age.
总而言之，美国和其他地方的国家退休年龄都起源于政治上的一些烟雾弹，这最初是一种象征性的福利，只有能够活到高寿的幸运公民才能享受到。
Today though, many more people live long enough to have access to a national retirement fund, often for years if not decades. Average life expectancy in the United States is 76, and in many European countries it's even higher.
然而，如今许多人的寿命延长，可以享受到几年，甚至几十年的国家退休基金。美国的平均预期寿命为76岁，而在许多欧洲国家，这一数字甚至更大。
The U.S. national retirement age -- when you can start claiming full Social Security benefits -- has crept up much more gradually, to 67 for people born after 1960.
美国的国家退休年龄--即可以开始申领所有社会保障福利的年龄--增长得更为缓慢，对于1960年后出生的人来说，退休年龄已经上升到67岁。
In response, several countries -- most notoriously France, where the retirement age is 62 and life expectancy is 82 -- are debating raising the retirement age to try to offset the economic pressures of an aging population and the concern that national retirement benefits won't be able to keep up for much longer.
作为回应，几个国家--最显眼的是法国，该国的退休年龄为62岁，预期寿命为82岁--正在讨论提高退休年龄，以试图抵消人口老龄化带来的经济压力，并缓解人们对国家退休金无法维持太长时间的担忧。
From an economic standpoint, a later retirement age perhaps benefits everyone's bottom line. But putting finances aside, what are the mental and physical implications of raising a national retirement age? We asked experts to weigh in.
从经济角度来看，较晚的退休年龄或许对每个人的经济状况都有利。但是，撇开财务问题不谈，提高国家退休年龄在身心健康方面会产生什么影响？我们请了专家来发表意见。
One way to answer this question is to look at changes not in life span but in health-span -- the number of years people are healthy and disability-free. Think of it as your work-span.
回答这个问题的一种方法是，不看总体寿命的变化，而是看健康年限的变化，健康年限即人们有多少年是身体健康且没有残疾。可以把健康年限看成是你的工作年限。
Gal Wettstein, a senior research economist at the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, looked at age and potential for employment in a study about people's working life expectancy.
波士顿学院退休研究中心的高级研究型经济学家盖尔·韦特斯坦在一项关于人们的预期工作年限的研究中考察了年龄和就业潜力。
He found that Americans who are healthy at age 50 can expect to have roughly 23 more years free of disability, plus about eight years living with disability. That would suggest people's maximum working life expectancy, on average, is age 73.
他发现，50岁时身体依然健康的美国人预计还会有23年左右的无残疾寿命，外加大约8年的有残疾寿命。这表明，人们的平均最长工作年限为73岁。
"There's no doubt that life expectancy is longer, and also the ability to work has expanded," Dr. Wettstein said. "Part of that is medical changes, and part of that is the nature of work has changed."
"毫无疑问，人们的预期寿命更长了，而且能够工作的时间也延长了，"韦特斯坦博士说。"其中部分原因是医学上的变化，部分原因是工作性质发生了变化。"
In 2020, roughly 45 percent of the American labor force worked in a knowledge-based field, such as management, business and finance, education and health care. In 1935, these types of professions accounted for just 6 percent of the workforce.
2020年，大约45%的美国劳动力从事脑力工作，如管理、商业和金融、教育和医疗保健。1935年，这些类型的职业仅占劳动力的6%。
Dr. Pinchas Cohen, dean of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California, agreed that, from a health standpoint for people in these fields, a retirement age under 65 "makes no sense." "Even 65 is a 20th century number," he said.
南加州大学伦纳德·戴维斯老年学学院院长平查斯·科恩表示赞同，他说从健康角度来看，这些领域的人在65岁以下退休都是"说不通的"。"即使是65岁退休也都算是20世纪的标准。"他说。
