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In an attempt to understand how this new threat had developed, analysts raked through the growing body of texts posted online by jihadi thinkers.
为了了解这种新的威胁是如何形成的，分析人员翻阅了圣战思想家在网上发布的越来越多的文本。
It seemed that one strategist had been particularly influential: a Syrian called Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, better known as Abu Musab al-Suri.
似乎有一位战略家的影响特别大：叙利亚人穆斯塔法-塞特马里亚姆-纳萨尔，又称阿布-穆萨布-苏里。
In 2004, in a sprawling set of writings posted on an extremist website, Nasar had laid out a new strategy that was remarkably similar to leaderless resistance, although there is no evidence that he knew of the thinking of men such as Beam or Metzger.
2004年，纳萨尔在一个极端主义网站上发表了一系列文章，提出了一个与无领导抵抗极为相似的新战略，尽管没有证据表明他知道贝姆或梅茨格等人的想法。
Nasars maxim was Principles, not organisations.
纳萨尔的格言是原则，而不是组织。
He envisaged individual attackers and cells, guided by texts published online, striking targets across the world.
他设想个人攻击者和小组在网上公布的文本指导下，对世界各地的目标进行攻击。
Having identified this new threat, security officials, journalists and policymakers needed a new vocabulary to describe it.
在确定了这种新的威胁之后，安全官员、记者和政策制定者需要一个新的词汇来描述它。
The rise of the term lone wolf wasnt wholly unprecedented.
独狼一词的出现并非完全没有先例。
In the aftermath of 9/11, the US had passed anti-terror legislation that included a so-called lone wolf provision.
在9.11事件之后，美国通过了反恐立法，其中包括所谓的“独狼条款”。
This made it possible to pursue terrorists who were members of groups based abroad but who were acting alone in the US.
这使得追捕那些以国外为基地但在美国单独行动的恐怖分子成为可能。
Yet this provision conformed to the prevailing idea that all terrorists belonged to bigger groups and acted on orders from their superiors.
然而，这一规定符合所有恐怖分子都属于更大的团体并按照上级的命令行事的普遍想法。
The stereotype of the lone wolf terrorist that dominates todays media landscape was not yet fully formed.
独狼恐怖分子的刻板印象主宰着今天的媒体景观，但这种印象还没有完全形成。
It is hard to be exact about when things changed.
很难准确直到什么时候发生了变化。
By around 2006, a small number of analysts had begun to refer to lone-wolf attacks in the context of Islamic militancy, and Israeli officials were using the term to describe attacks by apparently solitary Palestinian attackers.
到2006年左右，少数分析家开始在伊斯兰激进主义的背景下提及独狼式袭击，而以色列官员则使用这一术语来描述明显是独行的巴勒斯坦袭击者的袭击。
Yet these were outliers.
然而，这些都是异类。
In researching this article, I called eight counter-terrorism officials active over the last decade to ask them when they had first heard references to lone-wolf terrorism.
在研究这篇文章时，我给过去十年中活跃的八位反恐官员打电话，问他们何时第一次听到独狼式恐怖主义的说法。
One said around 2008, three said 2009, three 2010 and one around 2011.
一位说是2008年左右，三位说是2009年，三位是2010年，一位是2011年左右。
The expression is what gave the concept traction, Richard Barrett, who held senior counter-terrorist positions in MI6, the British overseas intelligence service, and the UN through the period, told me.
曾在军情六处、英国海外情报局和联合国担任高级反恐职务的理查德-巴雷特（Richard Barrett）告诉我，这种说法给了这个概念吸引力。
Before the rise of the lone wolf, security officials used phrases--all equally flawed --such as homegrowns, cleanskins, freelancers or simply unaffiliated.
在“独狼”兴起之前，安全官员使用的词语都有同样的缺陷，如本土人、干净的人、自由职业者或仅仅是不相干的人。
As successive jihadi plots were uncovered that did not appear to be linked to al-Qaida or other such groups, the term became more common.
随着接二连三地发现似乎与基地组织或其他此类组织没有联系的圣战阴谋，这个词变得更加普遍。
Between 2009 and 2012 it appears in around 300 articles in major English-language news publications each year, according the professional cuttings search engine Lexis Nexis.
根据专业剪报搜索引擎Lexis Nexis的数据，2009年至2012年期间，这个词每年在主要英语新闻出版物上出现约300篇文章中。
Since then, the term has become ubiquitous.
从那时起，这个词已经变得无处不在。
In the 12 months before the London attack last week, the number of references to lone wolves exceeded the total of those over the previous three years, topping 1,000.
在上周伦敦袭击事件发生前的12个月里，提到独狼的次数超过了前三年的总和，超过了1000次。
Lone wolves are now apparently everywhere, stalking our streets, schools and airports.
现在，独狼显然无处不在，在我们的街道、学校和机场出现。
Yet, as with the tendency to attribute all terrorist attacks to al-Qaida a decade earlier, this is a dangerous simplification.
然而，正如十年前将所有恐怖袭击归咎于基地组织的倾向一样，这是一种危险的简单化。
