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I'm sure you've noticed the difference between posed photographs and pictures taken of people who are unaware of the camera.
我相信你已经注意到摆好姿势拍的照片和没有意识到相机的人拍的照片之间的区别。
The pictures where people are unaware — they often look like this.
那些人们没有意识到相机时拍的图片——它们通常看起来是这样的。
This picture was taken in central London.
这张照片是在伦敦市中心拍的。
People in the prime of life, and yet everyone there looks haggard, depressed, anxious.
人们处于壮年，但照片里的每个人都看起来憔悴、沮丧和焦虑。
Some of them look quite angry.
有些人看起来很生气。
Not a smile to be seen.
一丝笑容也没有。
And yet, if you look at pictures of people posed, they put their arms around each other, as in this picture.
然而，如果你看人们摆好姿势拍的照片，他们会像这张照片一样，双臂相拥。
They smile.
他们会微笑。
That's, I think, how we'd like to be seen, how we think we should be together.
我想，这就是我们希望被人看到的样子，我们认为我们应该在一起的样子。
Unfortunately, the data tells a different story.
不幸的是，数据说明了一个不同的情况。
In the UK, surveys have shown that 74 percent of adults have felt so stressed or overwhelmed and unable to cope, 32 percent have had suicidal thoughts, 16 percent have actually self-harmed.
调查显示，英国74%的成年人感到压力太大或不堪重负，无法应对，32%有过自杀念头，16%实际上有过自残行为。
In the USA, the picture's very similar: 79 percent felt stressed every day, and almost 60 percent have felt paralyzed by stress.
在美国，情况非常相似：79%的人每天都感到有压力，近60%的人感到被压力麻痹。
When there are new figures that come out in the media showing levels of stress, depression, self-harm, drug abuse, eating disorders, what's the response?
当媒体上有新的数据显示压力、抑郁、自残、滥用药物、饮食失调时，反应如何？
It's simply to demand more services, more psychotherapists, more psychologists, more psychiatrists.
这仅仅是为了要求更多的服务，更多的心理医生，更多的心理学家，更多的精神科医生。
It's as if a large majority of the population were being seriously injured and instead of finding out what's going wrong, we simply want more surgeons to stitch them up.
这就好像大多数人都受了重伤，我们不去想出了什么问题，却只想指标不治本。
The crucial question we must ask is: Why is this happening?
我们必须问的关键问题是：为什么会发生这种情况？
Why even in rich countries?
为什么即使在富裕国家也是如此？
I'm an epidemiologist, which means I've spent my career doing research on the causes of health and illness in populations.
我是一名流行病学家，这意味着我把我的职业生涯都花在了研究人群健康和疾病的原因上。
And I want to show you that inequality is a really powerful cause of higher levels of anxiety and mental distress, unhappiness, depression.
我想向你们展示的是，不平等是导致更高程度的焦虑、精神痛苦、不快乐和抑郁的一个非常强大的原因。
I'd like you to cast your minds back to when you've felt anxious, embarrassed, nervous in front of other people, the social exposure, maybe when you're making a speech or going to a party where you don't know anyone.
我希望你们回想一下，当你在别人面前感到焦虑、尴尬、紧张的时候，在某个社交场合，也许是在演讲或去参加一个不认识任何人的聚会时。
But all sorts of situations where we face the threat of being seen negatively cause these sorts of emotions.
但是，我们面临被消极看待的威胁的各种情况都会导致这些情绪。
This graph is a summary of hundreds of studies of exposing people to different kinds of stress while measuring what happens to their stress hormones, principally cortisol, a central stress hormone.
这张图表是数百项研究的总结，这些研究让人们暴露在不同类型的压力下，同时测量他们的压力荷尔蒙，主要是皮质醇，一种中枢压力荷尔蒙的变化。
And what it shows is that what most pushes up our levels of stress hormones are what is called "social evaluative threat" — threats to self-esteem or social status, where others can negatively judge your performance.
研究表明，最能提高我们压力荷尔蒙水平的是所谓的“社会评估威胁”，即对自尊或社会地位的威胁，其他人会对你的表现做出负面评价。
So although these social stresses are widely recognized and we're all familiar with them, people fail to see how inequality makes them worse for all of us.
因此，尽管这些社会压力被大众熟知，我们都很熟悉，但人们没有看到不平等如何让我们所有人的压力恶化的。
In this slide, along the bottom, you've got different income groups, from the poorest tenth of the population on the left to the richest on the right.
在这张幻灯片中，最下面展示的是不同的收入群体，从左边最贫穷人口的十分之一到右边最右边最富有的人口。
And up the side, you've got a measure of status anxiety, how worried people are about how they're seen and judged by others.
左边是衡量身份焦虑的尺度，人们对别人如何看待和评价自己有多担心。
The top line shows levels of status anxiety across all income groups in the more unequal societies.
顶行显示了在更不平等的社会中，所有收入群体的地位焦虑程度。
And the bottom line shows the much lower levels of status anxiety in the more equal societies.
最下面数据可看出在更平等的社会中，地位焦虑的水平要低得多。
I think what we're dealing with is whether we live in societies with a very steep social hierarchy like that, or a much shallower one like that.
我认为我们需要解决的是，我们生活在这样一个社会等级制度森严的社会里，还是生活在一个等级不那么森严的社会里。
