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In the 16th century, the coastal waters of what are now called Nova Scotia and Newfoundland were teeming with life.
在16世纪，现在称为新斯科舍省和纽芬兰省的沿海水域充满了生命。
Even after centuries of fishing by the Mi'kmaq and Malecite peoples indigenous to the region, European fishermen wrote extensively of the abundance of life in the northern Atlantic.
即使在该地区原住民米克马克人和马莱西特人捕鱼数个世纪之后，欧洲渔民仍广泛地描述了大西洋北部丰富的生命。
One account from veteran sailor Charles Leigh describes "the greatest multitude of lobsters that we ever heard of" catching over 140 lobsters in just one haul.
资深水手查尔斯利（Charles Leigh）的一份报告描述了“我们听说最大的龙虾捕获数量”，仅一次就捕获了140多只龙虾。
While another account from Father Pierrre Biard claims that spawning fish were often so abundant that "you cannot put your hand into the water, without encountering them."
而另一份来自皮埃尔-比亚德神父的报告称，产卵的鱼是如此之多，以至于“你不能把手伸进水里，否则你会触到它们。”
But by 1992, that oceanic abundance had completely collapsed.
但到了1992年，这种海洋性的丰度已经完全崩溃了。
North American cod populations dropped to 1% of their historical population level.
北美鳕鱼的数量下降到其历史数量水平的1%。
Over the course of four centuries, the Northwest Atlantic seas went from absolute abundance to decimation.
在四个世纪的时间里，西北大西洋海域从绝对的丰富变成了消亡。
What happened?
这其中发生了什么？
And what threats do our vast oceans face from a world based on capitalist exploitation?
我们广阔的海洋在资本主义剥削的基础上又面临着什么威胁？
I'm going to attempt to collect 30 million pounds of trash from this river all by myself.
我要试着一个人从这条河里收集3000万磅的垃圾。
And we're gonna pick up every single piece of trash on this beach.
我们要把海滩上的每一件垃圾都捡起来。
Right now YouTube is awash in a push to clean up trash in our waterways and oceans.
现在，YouTube上很多人催促我们清理水道和海洋中的垃圾。
It's exciting to see people get motivated about environmental issues, but ocean trash is just one piece of the puzzle when it comes to unlocking exactly what endangers our seas.
看到人们对环境问题的积极性很高是令人兴奋的，但当涉及清理危害我们海洋的确切因素时，海洋垃圾只是其中的一块。
In fact, there are a number of other, less visible but nevertheless catastrophic, threats that our seas face like heightened acidity, temperature rise, and dead zones.
事实上，我们的海洋还面临着其他一些不太明显但却是灾难性的威胁，如酸度增加、温度上升和死亡区。
Today, however, I want to focus on just one: overfishing.
然而，今天，我只想关注一个问题：过度捕捞。
A problem that not only affects our global marine ecosystem but the 59.5 million fisherfolk spread across the world.
这个问题不仅影响到我们的全球海洋生态系统，也影响到遍布世界各地的5950万渔民。
Let's go back to Newfoundland in 1992, there fishing boats went out to sea expecting their usual catch, only to come back empty handed.
让我们回到1992年的纽芬兰，渔船出海，期待着他们通常的渔获，但却空手而归。
The Atlantic cod population had completely collapsed, and with it, the livelihoods of thousands of people intertwined with the North Atlantic fishing industry.
大西洋鳕鱼的数量大幅缩减，随之而来的是与北大西洋捕鱼业交织在一起的成千上万人的生计。
And in 2000, the World Wildlife Fund even placed Atlantic Cod on their endangered species list.
2000年，世界野生动物基金会甚至将大西洋鳕鱼列入其濒危物种名单。
To this day, Cod populations in the Northwest Atlantic have yet to recover.
时至今日，西北大西洋的鳕鱼种群仍未恢复。
But this species collapse due to relentless fishing practices is not exclusive to Cod and the Northwest Atlantic, overfishing is happening all over the world.
但是，这种由于无情的捕鱼行为而导致的物种崩溃并不是鳕鱼和西北大西洋所独有的，过度捕捞的现象在全世界都存在。
According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, from 1990 to 2017, the percentage of global fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels dropped from 90% to 65.8%.
根据联合国粮食和农业组织的数据，从1990年到2017年，全球鱼类资源在生物可持续水平内的比例从90%下降到65.8%。
In part, this is due to the continued increase of fishing across the world.
在一定程度上，这是由于世界各地的捕捞活动持续增加。
As of 2018 we caught and consumed the most sea life ever in a year.
截至2018年，我们在一年内捕获和消费了有史以来最多的海洋生物。
And while we dine on tuna, lobster and salmon, fish populations are paying the price.
当我们吃着金枪鱼、龙虾和鲑鱼的时候，鱼类种群正在付出代价。
The number of fish in the sea is not infinite, and with increased stressors like higher ocean temperatures and acidity which weaken fish eggs and stunt species resilience, industrial overfishing practices are the last drop in the bucket that have pushed various fish species careening towards crisis.
海里的鱼的数量不是无限的，随着海洋温度和酸度升高等压力因素的增加，削弱了鱼卵，阻碍了物种的复原力，工业化的过度捕捞做法是将各种鱼类推向危机的最后一滴水。
One study estimated that our oceans have "lost more than 90% of large predatory fishes," while another analysis reveals that 82% of global fisheries are in a dangerous decline.
一项研究估计，我们的海洋已经“失去了90%以上的大型掠食性鱼类”，而另一项分析显示，82%的全球渔业正处于危险的衰退之中。
But fishing can take a wide variety of forms from subsistence catching to industrial scale trawling, so is there one fishing practice that is more harrmful than others?
但是，捕鱼的形式多种多样，从自给自足的捕鱼到工业规模的拖网捕鱼，那么是否有一种捕鱼方式比其他方式更有害？
Fishing can mean a lot of things to a lot of people.
钓鱼对很多人来说意味着很多东西。
For a subsistence fisher in Bangladesh, fishing might look like a fishing rod and line catching one fish at a time, while for an industrial fisher along the coast of China, fishing might mean dragging large nets across the ocean floor to capture schools of fish all at once, a practice known as trawling.
对于孟加拉国的自给自足的渔民来说，捕鱼可能是用鱼竿和鱼线一次抓一条鱼，而对于中国沿海的工业化渔民来说，捕鱼可能意味着在海底拖动大网，一次抓捕成群的鱼，这种做法被称为拖网。
In total, industrial trawling represents a third of all fishing practices, and when combined with net purse fishing, large-scale industrial fishing accounts for over half of all fish caught in a year.
总的来说，工业化拖网捕鱼占所有捕鱼方式的三分之一，如果再加上网围捕鱼，大规模工业化捕鱼占一年所有捕鱼的一半以上。
This is a problem because big net fishing, especially trawling is one of the most destructive ways to fish.
这是一个问题，因为大网捕鱼，特别是拖网捕鱼是最具破坏性的捕鱼方式之一。
In the process of dragging large nets across the seabed, fisherfolk destroy fragile ecosystems on the ocean floor as well indiscriminately catch what's known as bycatch.
在将大网拖过海床的过程中，渔民们破坏了海底脆弱的生态系统，也不分青红皂白地捕获了所谓的副产品。
Or, in other words, marine life that is not commercially viable and often dies or gets thrown back into the water after the net is hauled into the boat.
或者，换句话说，那些没有商业价值的海洋生物，往往在网被拖上船后死亡或被扔回水里。
