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A hamburger and fries, the quintessential fast-food meal and nowhere else in the world is this combo more readily available and more iconic than at McDonald's.
汉堡包和薯条是最经典的快餐。这种组合餐最容易在麦当劳被买到，且麦当劳的组合餐最有代表性。
The fast food chain has essentially conquered every part of the world with its golden arches。
这家快餐连锁店已经用它的金色拱门基本上征服了世界的每一个地方。
Second only to Subway in terms of numbers of locations, the McDonald's brand spans over 100 countries with a total of 38,000 stores from Guantanamo Bay to Kansas City.
麦当劳的门店数量仅次于赛百味。麦当劳品牌遍布100多个国家，从关塔那摩湾到堪萨斯城总共有3.8万家门店。
McDonald's seems to have grown exponentially since its inception in 1948. A success, which many attribute to their low prices and iconic menu items.
自1948年创立以来，麦当劳的门店数量似乎呈指数级增长。许多人将其成功归因于低廉的价格和标志性的菜单。
With the rise of this global franchise has also come staunch critiques of McDonald's business practices revealing the brand's exploitation of workers and shattering of local food systems with highly machined food.
随着这家全球特许经营店的兴起，麦当劳的商业行为也受到了严厉的批评，因为该品牌剥削员工以及用高度加工的食品摧毁当地食品系统。
Today, however, I want to focus in on the hidden environmental costs of McDonald's in order to understand just one aspect of how McDonald's is able to simultaneously keep their prices so low and grow their empire.
然而，今天，我想把重点放在麦当劳隐藏的环境成本上，以了解麦当劳是如何在保持低价的同时发展其企业帝国的。
Loaded with two beef patties, shredded lettuce, secret sauce and even a bun in the middle for extra support, the Big Mac is the iconic McDonald's burger.
巨无霸是麦当劳的代表性汉堡，里面有两块牛肉饼、切碎的生菜、秘制酱料，中间甚至还夹了一块小圆面包。
It's not only the epitome of McDonald's offerings, but it's also a perfect example of how McDonald's and its suppliers use and abuse the environment to make their food.
它不仅是麦当劳食品的典型，也是麦当劳及其供应商如何利用和滥用环境制造食品的完美例子。
So let's briefly follow the Big Mac from calf to mouth in order to understand how much McDonald's is impacting the environment.
让我们简单地跟踪巨无霸从小牛到人的嘴里，以了解麦当劳对环境的影响有多大。
The typical McDonald's beef patty starts as a calf raised on one of over 700,000 cattle ranches in the United States.
典型的麦当劳牛肉饼一开始是饲养在美国70多万个牧牛场中的一头小牛犊。
For 8 to 12 months, these cows are set to graze on grasslands, hay or other available feed.
在8到12个月的时间里，这些牛被安排在草地上吃草、吃干草或其他可用的饲料。
And for the calf to grow it needs space.
小牛成长需要空间。
It's estimated that grazing operations require 26% of the Earth's habitable areas.
据估计，放牧活动需要占地球可居住区域面积的26%。
After the cow reaches 600 pounds in weight, it's then shipped off to one of the 20,382 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFOS for short in the United States to fatten it up before slaughter.
当这头牛的体重达到600磅后，它就会被运到美国20382家集中动物饲养公司（CAFOS）中的一家，以在屠宰前将其养肥。
I did a deep dive into the terrible environmental and physical conditions of CAFOS in my video about plant-based meats, but here's a quick summary.
在我的关于植物性肉类的视频中，我对集中动物饲养公司的糟糕的环境和客观条件进行了深入的研究，但下面是一段简短的总结。
Feedlots pack thousands of cattle into confined spaces and then pump them full of corn, soybeans and antibiotics.
饲养场把数千头牛关在狭小的空间里，然后给它们大量食用玉米、大豆和抗生素。
Also, cows can gain 600 to 900 pounds in just 90 to 100 days.
此外，牛可以在短短90到100天内增重600到900磅。
More like a factory than a farm, these CAFOS pollute the air and water with particulate matter, hydrogen sulfide and high levels of nitrates.
这些集中动物饲养公司更像是工厂而不是农场。它们会用颗粒物、硫化氢和高浓度的硝酸盐污染空气和水。
And the cow manure buildup from CAFOS is extensive, releasing nitrous oxide, which has 300 times the global warming effect of carbon dioxide.
而且，集中动物饲养公司产生的牛粪堆积如山。牛粪释放出的一氧化二氮对全球变暖的影响是二氧化碳的300倍。
In all, livestock is estimated to cause between 14.5 to 18% of the world's annual greenhouse gas emissions, consume one third of the world's yearly grain production and drink 16% of the global freshwater supply.
总之，据估计，畜牧业产生的温室气体排放量占全球每年温室气体排放量的14.5至18%，消耗了全球每年粮食产量的三分之一，饮用了全球淡水供应量的16%。
So even before the beef is minced, packed and frozen into its circular shape, hamburger patties destined for a Big Mac have devastating consequences on the environment.
因此，即使在牛肉被绞碎、包装和冷冻成圆形之前，用于巨无霸的汉堡肉饼就已经对环境造成了毁灭性的后果。
And McDonald's has been on the frontlines of this shift in animal agriculture from quality to quantity.
在畜牧业从质量到数量的转变中，麦当劳一直走在前列。
In 2010, McDonald's senior director of US food and packaging John Hayes said that they use 1 billion pounds of beef every year just in the US and as McDonald's continues to grow, so too does that number.
2010年，麦当劳美国食品和包装高级总监约翰·海耶斯表示，仅在美国，他们每年就使用10亿磅牛肉，而且随着麦当劳的持续发展，这个数字也在不断增长。
But to keep the cost of that much meat low enough to serve their burgers at fast-food prices, McDonald's needs exploitative farming practices like CAFOS.
但为了将这么多肉的成本保持在足够低的水平，以便其以快餐的价格出售汉堡，麦当劳需要像集中动物饲养公司这样的剥削性的饲养方式。
By dumping the environmental cost onto its surroundings, these feedlots can turn through cows and satisfy the massive demand from McDonald's for cheap.
通过将环境成本转嫁给周围环境，这些饲养场可以把牛转来转去，满足麦当劳对价格低廉的巨大需求。
