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Okay, so here we go with the cause verbs.
好的，这些就是我们今天要讲的起因动词。
Now, if you notice, some of these are similar to the effect verbs,
你可能已经注意到了，这上面的有一些词跟前面的效果动词很像，
but they are the effect verbs in their passive forms.
只不过把前面的效果动词变成了被动形式。
So, let's look at what I mean.
下面我就来跟大家解释一下我的意思。
Here we have: "be caused by", "be produced by", "be brought about by". Okay?
这儿我们列举了“be caused by”，“be produced by”，“be brought about by”这几个短语，对吧？
So, we've seen these in the effect verbs board before this, and now we're going to use them to talk about cause.
我们在前面的效果动词部分已经跟它们见过面了对吧，接下来我们就来看看怎么用它们来讨论起因。
So, "be caused by", for example:
我们先说“be caused by”，举个例子：
"The government collapse was caused by the implementation of unpopular policies."
“The government collapse was caused by the implementation of unpopular policies.”（政府垮台是推行了不得人心的政策造成的。）
So, you want to say that "The unpopular policies caused the government collapse",
你可以说“The unpopular policies caused the government collapse”（不得人心的政策导致了政府的垮台），
or you can say: "The government collapse was caused by the implementation of unpopular policies." Okay?
也可以说：“The government collapse was caused by the implementation of unpopular policies.”
So, you can say this in two ways; you can say it in the effect way where you really emphasize the effect,
我们可以用两种方式来表达这个意思；可以用效果来表达，这个时候强调的就是效果，
so the government collapse is the effect, and the cause of the collapse is that they implemented unpopular policies.
政府垮台就是效果，垮台的原因是因为他们推行了不得人心的政策。
So, if you want to emphasize the government collapse, like here,
但如果你想强调的是政府垮台，就像这句话一样，
put it first, use the passive form, use the cause: "was caused by";
那就可以把它放在句首，用被动语态，用表示原因的“was caused by”来表达；
if you want to emphasize the implementation of unpopular policies caused the government collapse, you can put that first.
如果你想强调的是推行不得人心的政策导致了政府垮台，那你就可以把推行不得人心的政策放在句首。
So, it really depends what you want to stress in your sentence. Okay?
所以，说到底还是要取决于你想强调句子的哪个部分，大家明白了吗？
All right, next: "be produced by".
好的，下一个：“be produced by”。
So: "The vast majority of air pollution in Europe is produced by fertilizers and animal waste."
举个例子：“The vast majority of air pollution in Europe is produced by fertilizers and animal waste.”（欧洲绝大部分的空气污染都是由化肥和动物排泄物造成的。）
So, is caused by, is produced by fertilizers and animal waste.
我们可以用“is caused by”，也可以用“is produced by”，后面接化肥和动物排泄物。
So, again: "The fertilizers and animal waste produce the vast majority of air pollution in Europe."
同样，我们也可以说“The fertilizers and animal waste produce the vast majority of air pollution in Europe.”（化肥和动物导致了欧洲绝大部分的空气污染问题。）
Here, we just flipped it to focus on the cause,
这里，我们只是反过来，把句子的重点放在了起因部分。
so: "The vast majority of air pollution in Europe is produced by fertilizers and animal waste."
就变成了“The vast majority of air pollution in Europe is produced by fertilizers and animal waste.”
This is the cause, and the effect is the air pollution, basically.
这就是原因，效果就是空气污染，大概就是这样。
Air pollution is the effect of fertilizers and animal waste.
空气污染就是化肥和动物排泄物产生的效果。
Next, we have: "be brought about by".
接下来是“be brought about by”。
So, you saw "bring about"; now it's: "to be brought about by", the passive form.
前面我们讲的是“bring about”，现在要讲的是它的被动形式“be brought about by”。
"Major economic benefits could be brought about by the adoption of solar roofs," Okay?
打个比方，“Major economic benefits could be brought about by the adoption of solar roofs”。
So, the argument is if you have a solar roof, within a few years, you're going to be saving thousands of dollars.
这句话的论点是如果你的屋顶是太阳能屋顶，那么，用不了几年你就能省出几千美元。
So, here: "Major economic benefits could be brought about by".
这里，显著的经济效益能被……带来”。
Basically, if we have solar roofs, the solar roofs will bring economic benefits. Okay?
就是说，如果我们有太阳能屋顶，它们就能带来经济效益，对吧？
They will bring about economic benefits with them.
经济效益就会随之而来。
Next: "result from", not "result in".
下面是“result from”，注意，是“result from”，不是“result in”。
So: "Many benefits quickly result from exercise."
举个例子：“Many benefits quickly result from exercise.”
So, if you exercise, this is the cause;
也就是说，如果你锻炼，锻炼就是起因；
the effect is, well, many benefits, really - better health, better energy, and longer life.
效果就是，很多好处，比如变得更健康，更有活力，延年益寿等等等等。
Ideally longer life, unless there's an accident, obviously.
显然，延年益寿是在理想的情况下，除非发生意外。
So, next we have: "stem from".
接下来我们来看“stem from”。
And these two - if your teacher or your evaluator sees you using either of these two: "stem from", "be triggered by",
它们两个，如果你的老师或考官看到你在用这两个短语，“stem from”，“be triggered by”，
they will love you, okay?
他们肯定会很喜欢你的，知道吗？
So, memorize these two especially, because they are quite advanced and they're lovely.
所以，大家一定要记住这些动词，尤其是这两个，因为它们都是比较高级的表达，非常得考官的心。
They sound wonderful when they're in an essay format.
出现在作文里的时候就会非常顺眼。
So: "stem". What is a "stem"?
“stem”，什么是“stem”？
Think of a flower, so you have the stem of the flower, and on the top you have the petals, you have the flower itself. Right?
假设你有一朵花，这朵花就有花茎，茎上面是花瓣，就是花本身。对吧。
So, the stem leads to the flower.
所以，茎就是通向花瓣的部分。
So, if something stems from something, like, for example, here: "Most of our early beliefs stem from our parents".
所以，如果一个东西是stems from另一个东西的，就比如“Most of our early beliefs stem from our parents”（我们早年的大部分信仰都源自于我们的父母）这句话。
So think of, like, your beliefs are the flower on the top-right?-and what causes that flower?
试想你的信仰就是一枝花最上面的花瓣，这朵花的起因是什么？
Before you have the flower, the stem has to grow.
拥有花之前，茎必须先生长出来对吧。
So, your beliefs are here, and they stem from your parents;
就相当于你的信仰在这儿，它们源自于你的父母；
your parents are basically causing your beliefs when you're a child. Right?
你的父母就是在你小时候制造了你的那些信仰的人，对吧？
So, when you're a kid, who gives you your beliefs, who tells you what to believe?
换句话说，当你还是个孩子的时候，是谁给了你信仰，是谁告诉你应该相信什么的？
Usually it's your parents guiding you in your belief system.
通常都是你的父母在你的信仰体系中引导你。
So, if something stems from something else, it is caused by something. All right?
也就是说，如果某个东西stems from另一个东西，就等于它是由后面那个东西引起的，好吗？
And, finally: "be trigged by".
最后一个，“be triggered by”。
So, if something triggers something else, it literally means it causes it to happen. Okay?
如果一件事triggers（触发了）另一件事，就是说这件事导致了后一件事的发生。
So: "World War I" - this could be any high school essay.
比如“一战”，任何高中作文都可能涉及到“一战”这一话题。
"World War I was triggered by", it's like, this is, like, the root cause. Okay?
“一战是由……引发的”，这句话差不多，差不多就是在讨论一战的根本原因了，
This was, like, THE cause.
差不多就是“那个”原因了。
"World War I was triggered by the assassination of the Arch Duke Ferdinand."
“一战是由费迪南德公爵遇刺事件引发的。”
Now, if you're a history major and you're thinking: "No! There were many more things, and this wasn't it.
听到这儿，如果你是历史专业的学生，你可能想说：“才不是呢！有很多原因，远不止这一个原因。
This was just one little thing", it's an example.
你说的这只是一个微不足道的原因”，举个例子而已啦（别当真嘛）。
I'm really focusing on just the use of these verbs and verb phrases, so "was triggered by".
我真正关心的是这些动词，短语动词的用法，也就是这里的“was triggered by”。
So, think of a gun, and a gun has a trigger - when you pull the trigger, the bullet goes. Okay?
想象一把枪，枪都有扳机的对吧，当你扣动扳机，子弹就会发射出去，对吧？
So, what was the bullet that caused this thing? Okay?
那引起某件事情的那个子弹是什么呢？明白了吗？
What caused the bullet to fly?
是什么让子弹飞起来的？
In this case, the bullet being.
这句话里面的子弹就是，
The beginning of World War I is the bullet,
一战的爆发就是那个子弹，
the trigger is the assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand.
这句话里的扳机就是费迪南德公爵的遇刺身亡。
That pulled the trigger that allowed the bullet to fly towards the beginning of World War I.
他的遇刺就等于扣动了扳机，让子弹朝着一战爆发飞去了。
So, we have: "be caused by", "be produced by", "be brought about by", "result from", "stem from", "be triggered by",
到目前为止，我们已经讲了“be caused by”,“be produced by”，“be brought about by”，“result from”，“stem from”，“be triggered by”,
as well as the wealth of effect verbs on the previous board.
还有我们上一张黑板上的那些效果动词。
So, you guys have, I hope, a lot of new vocabulary that you have acquired here today.
大家今天也已经掌握了，我希望是这样，很多新的词汇。
And if you want to test your understanding of this to make sure you get that high IELTS score, that high TOEFL score,
如果你想检测自己对这节课的理解，想确保自己能够高分通过雅思，高分通过托福，
you get that 90% on your essay - you can check out the quiz on www.engvid.com.
拿到满分的90%的话，那你可以做一做我们www.engvid.com上的随堂小测验。
And while you're there, why don't you check out some of my other videos?
测验都做了，那不妨再看看我其他的视频呀。
I have a ton of videos on academic vocabulary or advanced vocabulary,
我分享了很多很多将学术性词汇或高级词汇的课程，
I have some IELTS and some TOEFL lessons as well.
也有一些雅思和托福的课程。
And if you want to try something more fun, I also have stuff on
如果你想尝试一些好玩儿一点儿的课程我也有：
learning English with Star Wars, with Harry Potter, with The Hunger Games - a wide variety of things, and grammar stuff, too.
跟着《星球大战》、《哈利波特》、《饥饿的游戏》等各式各样的材料学英语，学语法。
So, if this is your first video that you've ever, you know, watched from us -
如果这个视频是你看过的我们网站的第一个视频的话，
welcome, and check out the rest of the stuff and let me know what you think.
那么，欢迎你，也欢迎你去查看其他视频，并告诉我你的感受。
Speaking of letting me know what you think, leave a comment, see if you can create original sentences.
说到告诉我的感受，欢迎大家留言评论，看看你是否能用今天的知识自己造句。
Sentences. I have a hard time with that word sometimes.
句子，有时候我发现这个词说起来还有点拗口呢。
Sentences with the vocabulary you've learnt in this video, All right?
用你在当期视频里学到的词语造句，好吗？
And you can also check me out on YouTube, where you can subscribe to the channel;
你也可以到YouTube上关注我的频道；
check me out on Facebook, I have a fan page there; check me out on Twitter.
或者到Facebook上找我，我还有一个Facebook粉丝页；大家也可以到推特上找我。
And until next time, thanks for clicking.
那我们就下次再见啦，感谢同学们的收看。
